Table 3.
Example of association studies of factors involved in inflammation and cell signalling with coronary artery disease and/or myocardial infarction
| Gene | Polymorphism | Ref. | Suggested results |
| CRP | 1059G/C | Zee et al[59] | No significant association with non-fatal MI, stroke or cardiovascular death |
| ICAM-1 | Lys-469-glu | Jiang et al[60] | Association with MI and CAD |
| E-selectin | Ser-128-Arg, Leu-554-phe, G98T | Wenzel et al[61] | Associated with angiographic proof of severe CAD in patients < 50 yr |
| Ser-128-Arg, G98T | Herrmann et al[62] | No association with MI | |
| Zheng et al[63] | T allele more common in younger patients with angiographic CAD | ||
| Ser-128-Arg | Ye et al[64] | Association with early-onset CAD | |
| P-selectin | Pro715 | Herrmann et al[65], Kee et al[66] | Possibly has a protective role from MI |
| S290N, N562D, V599L, T715P, T741T | Tregouet et al[67] | Protective effect of the P715; S290N and N562D associated with MI, when carried by certain haplotype | |
| C-2123G, A-1969G, Thr715Pro | Barbaux et al[68] | Polymorphisms associated with P-selectin levels but not with MI | |
| TNF-α and β | -863C/A, -308G/A (TNF-α), 252G/A (TNF-β) | Koch et al[69] | No association of TNF or IL-10 polymorphisms with MI or CAD |
| TNF-α | Five polymorphisms | Herrmann et al[65] | No association to MI or CAD |
| TNF-α and β | TNF- α 308 G/A , | Padovani et al[70] | No association to MI |
| TNF- β 252 A/G | |||
| TNF-α and β | TNF- β 308 G/A , TNF- β 252 A/G | Keso et al[71] | No association to old MI by autopsy or CAD |
| TNF-α | 308 G/A | Francis et al[72] | No association to angiographic CAD |
| IL-1 cluster | IL-1α (-889), IL-1b (-511), | Francis et al[72] | No association to angiographic CAD |
| IL-1β (+3953), IL-1RA intron 2 VNTR | IL-1RA VNTR allele 2 associated with single-vessel CAD | ||
| IL-1-RA | IL-1RA intron 2 VNTR | Manzoli et al[73] | No clear-cut association to CAD or MI |
| IL-1 cluster | IL-1β 511 C/T, IL-1RA intron 2 VNTR | Vohnout et al[74] | No association to angiographic CAD with either polymorphisms |
| IL-1-RA | IL 1RN-VNTR | Zee et al[75] | No association with risk for future MI |
| IL-1 β, IL-RA | IL-1β 511 C/T, IL-1RA intron 2 VNTR | Momiyama et al[76] | IL-1 β (-511)C/C and IL-1Ra (intron 2)2-or 3- repeat allele both associated with CAD, association with MI only in patient who are seropositive for Chlamydia pneumoniae |
| IL-6 | IL-6 G (-174)C promoter polymorphism | Nauck et al[77] | No association with the risk for CAD or MI |
| -174 (G/C), -572 (G/C), -596 (G/A), +528 I/D | Georges et al[78] | -174 C associated with MI (OR = 1.34)-174 C more frequent in patients with two or fewer stenosed vessels than in patients with three vessel lesions | |
| IL-10 | 3 IL-10 promotor polymorphisms (1082G/A, - 819C/T and -592C/A) | Koch et al[69] | No association with MI or CAD |
| 7 polymorphisms | Donger et al[79] | No association with risk for MI | |
| TGF- β1 | 29 T/C | Yokota et al[80] | T allele is a risk factor for MI in middle-aged Japanese men |
| -509T | Wang et al[81] | No association with CAD | |
| 7 polymorphisms | Cambien et al[82] | No association with degree of angiographic CAD, Pro25 allele associated with MI in some regions. | |
| Stromelysin (MMP-3) | 5 polymorphisms | Syrris et al[83] | No association of either polymorphisms with CAD |
| 5A-117/6A promoter polymorphism (5A/6A) | Schwarz et al[84] | No association with the risk for MI, 6A allele marker for progression of CAD | |
| 5A/6A | Terashima et al[85] | 5A allele associated with risk for MI | |
| 5A/6A | Kim et al[86] | 5A allele associated with stable angina | |
| 5A/6A | Humphries et al[87] | 6A genotypes at greater risk for CAD related events in nonsmokers, 5A/5A genotypes amplifies risk in smokers | |
| 5A/6A | Ye et al[88] | Homozygosis for 6A associated with greater progression of angiographic CAD | |
| PECAM-1 (CD31) | Val 125Leu, Asn563Ser and Gly670Arg | Sasaoka et al[89] | 563Ser/Ser and 670Arg/Arg genotypes associated with MI |
| Val 125Leu, Asn563Ser | Wenzel et al[90] | 125 Val and 563Asn associated with early onset of CAD (< 50 yr) | |
| Leu 125Val, Ser563Asn | Song et al[91] | 125Val and 563Asn associated with CAD | |
| Val125Leu | Gardemann et al[92] | No association with MI; weak association of Val125 with CAD in low-risk patients without HTN or DM (OR = 1.54; 95%CI: 1.03-2.3) |
CRP: C-reactive protein; DM: Diabetes mellitus; HTN: Hypertension; ICAM: Intercellular adhesion molecule; IL: Interleukin; MI: Myocardial infarction; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase; PECAM: Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule; TGF: Transforming growth factor; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; VNTR: Variable number of tandem repeats.