Comparison 4. Interventions to prevent excessive weight gain versus other interventions (high-risk groups).

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Excessive weight gain	1		Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
1.1 Behavioural counselling plus nutritional advice from a brochure versus nutritional advice from a brochure	1	79	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.88 [0.53, 1.46]
2 Weight gain (kg)	4		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
2.1 Low glycaemic load versus low fat diets	1	38	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	−0.5 [−3.29, 2.29]
2.2 Behavioural counselling plus nutritional advice from a brochure versus nutritional advice from a brochure	1	79	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	−1.10 [−4.30, 2.10]
2.3 Aerobic exercise plus relaxation versus relaxation	1	72	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	−0.60 [−4.38, 3.18]
2.4 Nutritionally monitored plus nutritional counselling versus nutritional counselling	1	232	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	−9.07 [−10.90, −7.24
3 Preterm birth	3		Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
3.1 Aerobic exercise plus relaxation versus relaxation	1	72	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.89 [0.18, 19.95]
3.2 Nutritionally monitored plus nutritional counselling versus nutritional counselling	1	232	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.6 [0.15, 2.45]
3.3 Low glycaemic load versus low fat diets	1	45	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.5 [0.42, 28.91]
4 Pre-eclampsia	2		Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
4.1 Behavioural counselling plus nutritional advice from a brochure versus nutritional advice from a brochure	1	79	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	4.42 [0.22, 89.18]
4.2 Nutritionally monitored plus nutritional counselling versus nutritional counselling	1	232	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.64 [0.26, 1.58]
5 Induction of labour	2		Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
5.1 Behavioural counselling plus nutritional advice from a brochure versus nutritional advice from a brochure	1	79	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.41 [0.88, 2.26]
5.2 Nutritionally monitored plus nutritional counselling versus nutritional counselling	1	232	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.71 [0.44, 1.15]
6 Caesarean delivery	3		Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
6.1 Low glycaemic load versus low fat diets	1	45	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.58 [0.25, 1.37]
6.2 Behavioural counselling plus nutritional advice from a brochure versus nutritional advice from a brochure	1	79	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.08 [0.50, 2.31]
6.3 Nutritionally monitored plus nutritional counselling versus nutritional counselling	1	232	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.10 [0.94, 1.27]
7 Haemorrhage/infection postpartum	1		Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
7.1 Nutritionally monitored plus nutritional counselling versus nutritional counselling	1	232	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.73 [0.30, 1.74]
8 Energy intake (kj)	2		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
8.1 Low glycaemic diet versus high glycaemic diet	1	43	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	205.20 [−639.54, 1049.94]
8.2 Behavioural counselling plus nutritional advice from a brochure versus nutritional advice from a brochure	1	79	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	92.10 [−644.14, 828.34]
9 Fibre intake (gm)	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
9.1 Low glycaemic diet versus high glycaemic diet	1	43	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.70 [−0.62, 6.02]
10 Physical activity score	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
10.1 Behavioral counselling plus nutritional advice from a brochure versus nutritional advice from a brochure	1	79	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.02 [−0.45, 0.49]
11 Infant birthweight >4000 gm	3		Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
11.1 Behavioural counselling plus nutritional advice from a brochure versus nutritional advice from a brochure	1	79	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.88 [0.28, 2.80]
11.2 Nutritionally monitored plus nutritional counselling versus nutritional counselling	1	232	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.25 [0.71, 7.10]
11.3 Low glycaemic load versus low fat diets	1	45	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.75 [0.17, 17.95]
12 Infant birthweight >90th centile for gestational age	2		Risk Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
12.1 Low glycaemic diet versus high glycaemic diet	1	63	Risk Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI)	1.03 [0.23, 4.73]
12.2 Low glycaemic load versus low fat diets	1	45	Risk Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI)	0.58 [0.11, 3.16]
13 Infant birthweight <10th centile for gestational age	1		Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
13.1 Low glycaemic diet versus high glycaemic diet	1	63	Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI)	5.16 [0.26, 103.27]
14 Maternal weight retention (kg)	1		Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
14.1 Nutritionally monitored plus nutritional counselling versus nutritional counselling	1	232	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	−13.71 [−14.48, −12.94]