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. 2014 Sep 15;5:350. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00350

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Copyright © 2014 Månsson.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Simulated relationship between force and shortening (positive) and lengthening velocity (negative). (A) Black symbols and connecting lines: standard parameter values (Table S1; corresponding to normal healthy fast skeletal muscle). Red symbols and connecting lines: standard parameter values but cross-bridge stiffness increased by 40% without further changes in parameter values. Inset: simulated force-velocity data in the high force region shown in greater detail. (B) The force-velocity relationship for the standard conditions in (A) re-plotted together with simulated lengthening part of the relationship either assuming same attachment rate as during shortening and isometric contraction (Equation S4a; black symbols) or assuming increased attachment rate with increased velocity of lengthening (Equation S4b; blue symbols). The latter data are reasonably consistent with experimental data (Lombardi and Piazzesi, 1990) whereas the former are not.