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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Sep 15.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Psychiatry. 2014 Sep 1;171(9):990–999. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13121577

TABLE 2.

Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Youths With Bipolar Disordera

Characteristic Class 1: Predominantly Euthymic (N=88) Class 2: Moderately Euthymic (N=127) Class 3: Ill With Improving Course (N=70) Class 4: Predominantly Ill (N=82) p
Demographic variables
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
Age (years) 13.63,4 3.4 12.8 3.1 12.31 3.3 11.71 3.3 0.001
Hollingshead Index of Social Status 3.92,3,4 1.2 3.41 1.1 3.31 1.1 3.01 1.3 <0.001
N % N % N % N %
Tanner stage of sexual development 0.08
 I–III 26 40.6 58 55.8 31 59.6 42 61.8
 IV 21 32.8 29 27.9 17 32.7 14 20.6
 V 17 26.6 17 16.4 4 7.7 12 17.7
Female 43 48.9 55 43.3 33 47.1 40 48.8 0.8
White 73 83.0 107 84.3 58 82.9 65 79.3 0.8
Living with both biological parents 46 52.34 55 43.3 27 38.6 26 31.71 0.05
Clinical variables
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
Age at onset of mood symptoms (years) 10.42,3,4 4.3 8.31,4 4.0 7.71 3.9 6.91,2 3.2 <0.001
Age at onset of first manic symptoms (years) 12.14 4.0 10.4 4.2 11.4 4.1 9.11 3.8 0.01
Age at onset of first major depressive episode (years) 12.42,3,4 3.4 10.31 3.8 10.31 3.7 9.31 3.8 0.003
Duration of mood symptoms (years) 3.182,3,4 2.8 4.451 3.0 4.951 3.1 4.911 2.8 <0.001
Mania Rating Scale score 20.33 13.9 21.73 11.8 26.71,2 11.2 24.6 11.0 0.004
Depression Rating Scale score 10.32,3,4 10.8 15.61 10.2 16.21 8.9 15.71 9.5 <0.001
Children’s Global Assessment Scale
 Score 54.0 14.8 56.0 11.4 54.7 11.7 54.4 10.7 0.7
 Most severe past score 39.1 9.0 36.9 11.6 38.9 10.1 36.5 11.2 0.3
N % N % N % N %
Bipolar disorder type 0.3
 Type I 56 63.6 76 59.8 39 55.7 47 57.3
 Type II 8 9.1 10 7.9 1 1.4 7 8.5
 Not otherwise specified 24 27.3 41 32.3 30 42.9 28 34.2
Polarity
 Depressed 12 13.6 24 18.9 7 10.0 7 8.5 0.1
 Manic or hypomanic 36 40.92,3 30 23.61 13 18.61 25 30.5 0.008
 Mixed state 15 17.1 21 16.5 13 18.6 10 12.2 0.7
 Subsyndromal mood symptoms (bipolar disorder not otherwise specified) 25 28.43,4 52 40.9 37 52.91 40 48.81 0.009
More than 1 mood episode
 Syndromal 38 43.22 79 62.21 36 51.4 47 57.3 0.04
 Subsyndromal 19 21.62,3 56 44.11 33 47.11 32 39.0 0.002
Mixed state 23 26.1 35 27.6 21 30.0 19 23.2 0.8
Psychosis 11 12.5 32 25.2 18 25.7 20 24.4 0.1
Childhood onset of mood symptoms 25 28.43,4 57 44.9 34 48.61 47 57.31 0.002
Self-injurious behavior 20 22.72,4 53 41.71 26 37.1 36 43.91 0.01
Suicidal ideation 49 55.72,3,4 102 80.31 54 77.11 65 79.31 <0.001
Suicide attempt 14 15.92 48 37.81 17 24.3 27 32.9 0.004
 Physical or sexual abuse 6 6.82,4 31 24.41 14 20.0 20 24.41 0.006
 Physical abuse 6 6.8 16 12.6 11 15.7 15 18.3 0.1
 Sexual abuse 1 1.12,4 21 16.51 6 8.6 12 14.61 0.003
Comorbid disorders
 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 37 42.13,4 75 59.1 45 64.31 59 72.01 <0.001
 Conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder 38 43.2 54 42.5 35 50.0 49 59.8 0.07
 Anxiety disorder 18 20.12,3,4 52 40.91 34 48.61 35 42.71 0.001
 Substance use disorder 5 5.7 11 8.7 4 5.7 5 6.1 0.8
 Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified or Asperger’s syndrome 2 2.3 9 7.1 6 8.6 10 12.2 0.1
a

Superscripts denote significant between-class differences, with p values ≤0.05 after Bonferroni correction.