TABLE 3.
History of Psychiatric Treatment and Exposure to Psychotropic Medications in Youths With Bipolar Disordera
| Measure | Class 1: Predominantly Euthymic (N=88) | Class 2: Moderately Euthymic (N=127) | Class 3: Ill With Improving Course (N=70) | Class 4: Predominantly Ill (N=82) | p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Age at first outpatient treatment (years) | 8.63,4 | 4.5 | 8.0 | 3.9 | 6.91 | 3.1 | 6.91 | 3.3 | 0.006 |
| Total duration of outpatient treatment (weeks) | 168 | 162.6 | 189.1 | 148.5 | 222.9 | 149.4 | 212.7 | 157.5 | 0.1 |
| Age at first hospitalization (years) | 12.93,4 | 3.7 | 11.6 | 3.7 | 10.31 | 3.9 | 10.01 | 3.6 | 0.001 |
| Number of hospitalizations | 0.694 | 1.0 | 1.14 | 1.4 4 | 1.3 | 2.2 | 1.81,2 | 3.1 | 0.004 |
|
| |||||||||
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Outpatient services | 78 | 88.64 | 122 | 96.1 | 69 | 98.6 | 81 | 98.81 | 0.009 |
| Psychiatric hospitalization | 40 | 45.5 | 68 | 53.5 | 35 | 50.7 | 47 | 57.3 | 0.5 |
| History of exposure to psychotropic medications (at baseline) | |||||||||
| Any psychotropic medication | 82 | 93.2 | 122 | 96.1 | 66 | 94.3 | 79 | 96.3 | 0.7 |
| Antipsychotics | 42 | 47.7 | 78 | 61.4 | 40 | 57.1 | 53 | 64.6 | 0.1 |
| Antidepressants | 42 | 47.7 | 79 | 62.2 | 45 | 64.3 | 54 | 65.9 | 0.06 |
| Stimulants | 33 | 37.52,3,4 | 74 | 58.31 | 42 | 60.01 | 55 | 67.11 | <0.001 |
| Lithium or anticonvulsants | 65 | 73.9 | 93 | 73.2 | 48 | 68.6 | 62 | 75.6 | 0.8 |
| Atomoxetine | 7 | 8.0 | 11 | 8.7 | 10 | 14.3 | 15 | 18.3 | 0.1 |
| Benzodiazepines | 5 | 5.7 | 15 | 11.8 | 3 | 4.3 | 6 | 7.3 | 0.2 |
| Alpha-2 agonists | 13 | 14.8 | 28 | 22.1 | 15 | 21.4 | 19 | 23.2 | 0.5 |
a
Superscripts denote significant between-class differences, with p values ≤0.05 after Bonferroni correction.