TABLE 4.

Family (First- and Second-degree), Maternal, and Paternal Lifetime Psychiatric History of Youths With Bipolar Disorder^a

	Class 1: Predominantly Euthymic (N=88)		Class 2: Moderately Euthymic (N=127)		Class 3: Ill With Improving Course (N=70)		Class 4: Predominantly Ill (N=82)
Variable	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	p
Lifetime family history
Lifetime bipolar disorder	32	36.42,4	80	63.01	36	51.4	59	72.01	<0.001
Lifetime depression or dysthymia	49	55.72,4	93	72.21	48	68.6	62	75.61	0.02
Lifetime anxiety disorder	46	52.32,4	91	71.71	48	68.6	64	78.11	0.002
Lifetime non-mood psychosis	1	1.1	1	0.8	0	0.0	1	1.2	1
ADHD	20	22.72,3,4	54	42.51,4	41	58.61	52	63.41,2	<0.001
Conduct disorder	16	18.24	43	33.94	25	35.7	44	53.71,2	<0.001
Substance use disorders	47	53.44	87	68.54	50	71.4	72	87.81,2	<0.001
Suicide attempt	25	28.42,3,4	56	44.11	31	44.31	41	50.01	0.02
Mother’s lifetime history
Lifetime bipolar disorder	12	14.34	25	19.7	13	19.7	26	32.11	0.04
Lifetime depression or dysthymia	35	47.62,4	75	70.91	40	68.2	55	76.51	<0.001
Lifetime anxiety disorder	24	28.64	48	37.8	23	34.9	40	49.41	0.05
Lifetime non-mood psychosis	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	—
ADHD	2	2.44	12	9.5	9	13.6	16	19.81	0.004
Conduct disorder	0	0.0	5	3.9	4	6.1	5	6.2	0.08
Substance use disorders	8	9.54	24	18.9	13	19.7	22	27.21	0.04
Suicide attempt	8	9.5	15	11.8	10	15.2	17	21.0	0.2
Father’s lifetime history
Lifetime bipolar disorder	10	12.24	21	16.7	14	21.2	24	30.01	0.03
Lifetime depression or dysthymia	10	35.4	30	54.0	11	42.4	18	41.3	0.05
Lifetime anxiety disorder	4	4.94	19	15.1	12	18.2	24	30.01	<0.001
Lifetime non-mood psychosis	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	1	1.3	0.4
ADHD	6	7.34	17	13.5	9	13.6	22	27.51	0.003
Conduct disorder	4	4.94	14	11.14	11	16.7	21	26.31,2	<0.001
Substance use disorders	18	22.03,4	39	31.04	28	42.41	48	60.01,2	<0.001
Suicide attempt	8	9.8	12	9.5	3	4.6	12	15.0	0.2

^aSuperscripts denote significant between-class differences, with p values ≤0.05 after Bonferroni correction. ADHD=attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.