Table 2.
Ratesa of selected clinical outcomes by opioid use status and odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between opioid use and each outcome among pregnancy-related discharges, NIS, 1998–2009.
| Outcomes | Ratea of outcome | OR (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Opioid users | Nonopioid users | Model 1b | Model 2c | Model 3d | |
| Maternal | |||||
| Threatened preterm labor | 30.1 | 22.3 | 1.36 (1.24–1.49) | 1.34 (1.22–1.47) | 1.32 (1.19–1.45) |
| Early onset delivery | 124.0 | 65.2 | 2.03 (1.88–2.20) | 1.92 (1.77–2.07) | 1.72 (1.59–1.85) |
| PROM | 38.5 | 35.4 | 1.10 (1.00–1.20) | 1.12 (1.03–1.23) | 1.06 (0.98–1.16) |
| Wound infection | 7.0 | 5.0 | 1.41 (1.18–1.68) | 1.19 (1.00–1.42) | 1.17 (0.98–1.40) |
| Acute renal failure | 2.1 | 0.5 | 4.10 (3.11–5.41) | 2.78 (2.09–3.72) | 2.84 (2.11–3.84) |
| Postpartum depressionf | 24.7 | 2.1 | 12.04 (10.83–13.40) | 2.09 (1.79–2.44) | 1.75 (1.49–2.05) |
| Hospital stay >5 dayse | 133.4 | 29.9 | 5.00 (4.16–6.02) | 4.83 (4.10–5.69) | 4.02 (3.41–4.74) |
| In-hospital maternal mortality | 0.8 | 0.1 | 5.89 (3.74–9.28) | 3.63 (2.32–5.68) | 3.69 (2.32–5.87) |
| Fetal | |||||
| Poor fetal growth | 35.9 | 15.9 | 2.31 (2.10–2.55) | 2.21 (2.00–2.44) | 1.61 (1.46–1.77) |
| Stillbirth | 10.0 | 6.3 | 1.60 (1.39–1.83) | 1.41 (1.23–1.62) | 1.32 (1.15–1.51) |
CI = confidence interval, NIS = Nationwide Inpatient Sample, OR = odds ratio, PROM = premature rupture of membranes.
aPer 1,000 pregnancy-related discharges.
bCrude model with maternal opioid use as the only independent variable.
cModel 1 + adjustment for maternal age, household income, multiple birth, primary payer, and rural/urban status.
dModel 2 + adjustment for tobacco, alcohol, maternal obesity, chronic renal failure, diabetes mellitus, and existing hypertension.
eModel also adjusts for disposition at discharge.
fModel also adjusts for history of depression.