Table 3.
Comparison of main sociodemographic, lifestyle, and medical characteristics between depressed group and non-depressed groups
| Characteristics | Depressed group (n = 15) | Non-depressed group (n = 74) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic and lifestyle variables | |||
| Age (years) | 63.3 ± 9.2 | 62.7 ± 7.5 | 0.800 |
| Gender (men/women) | 13/2 | 42/32 | 0.040 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.7 ± 4.6 | 26.2 ± 4.8 | 0.065 |
| PAL | 1.66 ± 0.53 | 1.69 ± 0.57 | 0.816 |
| PAL (Level I/II/III) | 10/3/2 | 44/8/22 | 0.351 |
| Daily sleeping hours (h) | 7.8 ± 2.1 | 7.1 ± 1.4 | 0.110 |
| Body weight during past 6 months (unchanged/gain/loss) | 9/3/3 | 50/15/9 | 0.639 |
| Currently employed (yes/no) | 4/11 | 35/39 | 0.165 |
| Living with family members (yes/no) | 12/3 | 62/12 | 0.712 |
| Coffee consumed per day (0–2/≥3 cups) | 13/1 | 47/27 | 0.032 |
| Green tea consumed per day (0–2/≥3 cups) | 7/8 | 31/42 | 0.819 |
| Black tea consumption (rarely/habitual) | 12/3 | 69/5 | 0.129 |
| Alcohol consumption (never/occasionally/habitually) | 6/4/5 | 42/14/18 | 0.480 |
| Cigarette smoking habit (never/habitual) | 9/5 | 54/20 | 0.528 |
| Habitual supplements (yes/no) | 3/5 | 20/14 | 0.433 |
| Diabetic and other medical variables | |||
| Duration of diabetes (years) (<5/5–10/10–15/>15) | 8/1/2/4 | 21/19/14/19 | 0.224 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 7.46 ± 0.85 | 7.02 ± 1.10 | 0.148 |
| Insulin treatment (yes/no) | 3/12 | 8/66 | 0.387 |
| Microvascular complications (present/absent) | 6/9 | 18/56 | 0.212 |
| Insomnia (yes/no) | 4/11 | 18/56 | 1.000 |
| Number of nutritional counseling sessions (times) | 2.4 ± 1.8 | 2.9 ± 3.2 | 0.622 |
| Duration of nutritional counseling sessions (min) | 34.2 ± 6.6 | 30.0 ± 2.4 | 0.187 |
Data are expressed as means ± SD, or number of patients. BMI, body mass index; PAL, physical activity level; SD, standard deviation.