TABLE I.

EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF GREEN TEA AND STOMACH CANCER

Author, year, reference	Country, study	Consumption	OR (95% CI)/RR (95% CI)	Confounder adjustment
Case-control studies
Tajima, 198518	Japan	≥4 times/day	0.64 (NA)	Age and gender
	93 cases, 186 hospital  controls
Kono, 198819	Japan	Cases vs. hosp controls		Age, gender, smoking,  oranges and other fruits
	139 cases, 2,574  hospital controls, 278  population controls	Low	1.0
		Medium	1.1
		High	0.6
		High* (≥10 cups/day)	0.5 (0.3–1.1)
		Cases vs. pop. controls
		High* (≥10 cups/day)	0.3 (0.1–0.7)
Kato, 199020	Japan	Male, hot green tea		Age and residence
	427 cases, 3014  controls	Non-drinkers	1.00
		1–4 cups/day	1.14 (0.82–1.60)
		≥5 cups/day	1.01 (0.70–1.47)
		Female, hot green tea
		Non-drinkers	1.00
		1–4 cups/day	0.71 (0.45–1.14)
		≥5 cups/day	0.81 (0.51–1.27)
	1414 chronic atrophic  gastritis cases,  3014 controls	Male, hot green tea
		Non-drinkers	1.00
		1–4 cups/day	1.04 (0.83–1.30)
		≥5 cups/day	1.00 (0.78–1.29)
		Female, hot green tea
		Non-drinkers	1.00
		1–4 cups/day	1.46 (1.16–1.83)
		≥5 cups/day	1.19 (0.93–1.51)
Lee, 199021	Taiwan	No	1.0 (NA)	Smoking, alcohol drinking,  salted meat, fried food,  fermented bean, milk intake
	210 cases, 810  hospital controls	Yes	2.0 (NA)
Yu, 199122	China 84 cases, 2,676  controls	Strong tea (type   not specified)	0.3 (0.1–0.7)	Age, gender, income, family  history of stomach cancer/  other cancer, history of TB,  blood type, smoking,  alcohol, fruit and milk intake
Hoshiyama, 199223	Japan	Use vs. pop controls		Age, gender, administrative  division and smoking status
	294 cases, 294  population controls,  202 hospital controls	Low (≤4 cups/day)	1.0
		Medium (5–7 cups/day)	1.0 (0.7–1.4)
		High (≥8 cups/day)	0.8 (0.5–1.3)
		Use vs. hosp controls
		Low (≤4 cups/day)	1.0
		Medium (5–7 cups/day)	1.3 (0.8–2.0)
		High (≥8 cups/day)	1.3 (0.8–2.1)
Inoue, 199424	Japan	Not every day	1.00	Gender
	668 cases, 668 hospital  controls	Every day	1.09 (0.83–1.43)
Yu, 199525	China	Users	0.71 (0.54–0.93)	Age, gender, residence,  education, birthplace,  alcohol drinking  and smoking
	711 cases, 711 controls	Pylori	0.29 (0.13–0.68)
		Temperature
		Boiling hot	1.18 (0.75–1.86)
		Hot	0.63 (0.46–0.87)
		Warm/cold	0.51 (0.29–0.91)
Ji, 199626	China	Men		Age, income, education  (women), alcohol drinking  and smoking (men)
	1124 cases,  1451 controls	Non-drinkers	1.0
		Drinkers	0.96 (0.77–1.21)
		Tea leaf (g/year)
		≤1,200	1.06 (0.76–1.49)
		>1,200–≤2,000	1.15 (0.82–1.61)
		>2,000–≤3,000	0.88 (0.64–1.24)
		>3,000	0.76 (0.55–1.27)
		Women
		Non-drinkers	1.0
		Drinkers	0.77 (0.52–1.13)
		Tea leaf (g/year)
		≤1,200	0.74 (0.45–1.21)
		>1,200	0.81 (0.46–1.43)
Inoue, 199827	Japan	Rarely	1.00	Age, gender, years and season  of hospital visit, smoking,  alcohol drinking, coffee and  black tea drinking, physical  exercise, fruit, rice and  beef intakes
	896 cases, 21,  128 non-cancer  outpatients	Occasional	1.00 (0.77–1.44)
		Daily
		1–3 cups/day	0.96 (0.70–1.32)
		4–6 cups/day	1.01 (0.74–1.39)
		7+ cups/day	0.69 (0.48–1.00)
Setiawan, 200128	Yangzhong, China	Non-drinkers	1.00	Age, gender, education, body mass index, pack-years of smoking, alcohol drinking
	133 cases, 433 healthy  controls	1–21 cups/week	0.47 (0.27–0.80)
		21+ cups/week	0.52 (0.28–0.99)
			p for trend: 0.0479
Gao, 200229	Huaian, China	0 g/month	1.00	Age and gender
		> 1 g/month	0.38 (0.24–0.62)
Cohort studies
Galanis, 199830	US (Hawaii)	Men and women		Age, gender, education and  birthplace
	5233 men, 6297 women	None	1.0
		1	1.3 (0.7–2.1)
		2+	1.5 (0.9–2.3)
Tsubono, 200131	Japan	<1 cup/day	1.0	Age, gender, health insurance,  peptic ulcer, smoking, alcohol  drinking, rice, black tea, coffee  drinking, meat intake, vegetables,  fruits and bean-paste soup
	11902 men,  14409 women	1–2 cups/day	1.1 (0.8–1.6)
		3–4 cups/day	1.0 (0.7–1.4)
		≥5 cups/day	1.2 (0.9–1.6)
Sun, 200232	China, prospective study,  nested case-control	Urinary EGC		Matched on age, date of sample  collection, residence, and adjusted  for helicobactor pylori  seropositivity, smoking,  alcohol drinking, and  level of serum carotenes
	190 cases, 772 controls	Negative	1.00
	Urine EGC	Positive   (41 years)	0.52 (0.28–0.97)
Hoshiyama, 200233	Japan, prospective  cohort study (JACC)	Men		Age, smoking, gender, history  of peptic ulcer, family history  of stomach cancer, consumption  of rice, miso soup, green-yellow  vegetables, white vegetables, fruits,  and preference for salty foods
	Men: 2,849,605 PY      240 cases   Women: 4,024,456 PY      119 cases	<1	1.0
		1–2	1.6 (0.9–2.9)
		3–4	1.1 (0.6–1.9)
		5–9	1.1 (0.6–1.9)
		≥10	1.0 (0.5–2.0)
			p for trend: 0.634
		Women
		<1	1.0
		102	1.1 (0.5–2.5)
		3–4	1.0 (0.5–2.1)
		5–9	0.8 (0.4–1.6)
		≥10	0.7 (0.3–2.0)
			p for trend: 0.476
Koizumi, 200334	Japan, two cohort studies	<1	1.01	Age, gender, type of health insurance,  parental history of gastric cancer,  history of peptic ulcer, cigarette  smoking, alcohol consumption,  pickled vegetables, bean-paste soup.
	Cohort 1: 31,345  199,748  PY 419 cases Cohort 2: 47,605  290,599  PY 314 cases	1–2	1.0 (0.80–1.27)
		3–4	0.89 (0.70–1.13)
		≥5	1.06 (0.86–1.30)
			p for trend: 0.61
Hoshiyama, 200435	Japan, Nested	<1 cup/day	1.0	Age, smoking, gender, H. pylori, history  of peptic ulcer, family history of  stomach cancer, education,  consumption  of rice, miso soup, green-yellow  vegetables, white vegetables,  fruits, and preference for salty  foods
	Case-Control Study  from cohort (JACC study)	1–2	1.3 (0.6–2.8)
		3–4	1.0 (0.5–1.9)
	151 cases, 265 controls	5–9	0.8 (0.4–1.6)
		≥10	1.2 (0.6–2.5)
			p for trend: 0.899