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. 2014 Sep 2;14:216. doi: 10.1186/s12866-014-0216-4

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© Enow et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Immunofluorescence microscopy detection of ClyA on bacterial cells. Analyses were done with the E. coli K-12 strain MG1655 (A, B C), the clyA ⁺ UPEC derivative JON53 (D, E, F) and the parental UPEC strain 536 (G, H, I). Panels A, D, G show images obtained by by phase contrast microscopy. Panels B, E, H show images obtained from immunofluorescence analysis using polyclonal ClyA antiserum and AlexaFluor ⁵⁵⁵ –conjugated secondary antibody to enable visualization of ClyA as a red fluorescence signal. Panels C, F, I show the merged images.