Table 2.
Familial risk | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dyslexia | No-dyslexia | Control | Effect size (Cohen’s d) | ||||||||||
Measure | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | N | F | df | p | FRD vs. FRND | FRD vs. C | FRND vs. C |
Print exposure | |||||||||||||
Father | 7.81a | 3.36 | 7.53a | 3.08 | 9.81b | 3.06 | 95 | 4.99 | (2, 92) | 0.009 | −0.09 | 0.65 | 0.75 |
Mother | 7.96a | 2.79 | 8.10a | 3.00 | 9.03a | 2.87 | 98 | 1.24 | (2, 95) | 0.293 | 0.05 | 0.37 | 0.32 |
Dyslexic parent | 7.56a | 2.98 | 7.08a | 3.08 | 66 | < 1 | (1, 64) | 0.532 | −0.16 | ||||
Non-dyslexic parent | 8.23a | 3.15 | 8.56a | 2.84 | 65 | < 1 | (1, 63) | 0.659 | 0.11 | ||||
Literacy difficulties | |||||||||||||
Father | 6.68a | 1.52 | 6.20a | 1.83 | 3.91b | 0.93 | 97 | 29.91 | (2, 94) | <0.001 | −0.52 | −2.98 | −2.46 |
Mother | 6.00a | 1.94 | 5.10a | 2.07 | 3.84b | 1.17 | 101 | 10.83 | (2, 98) | <0.001 | −0.77 | −1.85 | −1.08 |
Dyslexic parent | 7.56a | 0.96 | 7.24a | 1.11 | 66 | 1.39 | (1, 64) | 0.244 | −0.30 | ||||
Non-dyslexic parent | 5.19a | 1.57 | 4.02b | 1.31 | 68 | 10.88 | (1, 66) | 0.002 | −1.11 |
F, df, and p-values refer to an ANOVA for the effect of group. Means in the same row that do not share subscripts differ at p < 0.05 on Tukey’s test. Cohen’s d is calculated using the SDs of the controls
FRD familial-risk dyslexia; FRND familial-risk no-dyslexia; C control