Table 2.

Parental literacy according to children’s literacy outcome

	Familial risk
	Dyslexia		No-dyslexia		Control						Effect size (Cohen’s d)
Measure	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	N	F	df	p	FRD vs. FRND	FRD vs. C	FRND vs. C
Print exposure
Father	7.81a	3.36	7.53a	3.08	9.81b	3.06	95	4.99	(2, 92)	0.009	−0.09	0.65	0.75
Mother	7.96a	2.79	8.10a	3.00	9.03a	2.87	98	1.24	(2, 95)	0.293	0.05	0.37	0.32
Dyslexic parent	7.56a	2.98	7.08a	3.08			66	< 1	(1, 64)	0.532	−0.16
Non-dyslexic parent	8.23a	3.15	8.56a	2.84			65	< 1	(1, 63)	0.659	0.11
Literacy difficulties
Father	6.68a	1.52	6.20a	1.83	3.91b	0.93	97	29.91	(2, 94)	<0.001	−0.52	−2.98	−2.46
Mother	6.00a	1.94	5.10a	2.07	3.84b	1.17	101	10.83	(2, 98)	<0.001	−0.77	−1.85	−1.08
Dyslexic parent	7.56a	0.96	7.24a	1.11			66	1.39	(1, 64)	0.244	−0.30
Non-dyslexic parent	5.19a	1.57	4.02b	1.31			68	10.88	(1, 66)	0.002	−1.11

F, df, and p-values refer to an ANOVA for the effect of group. Means in the same row that do not share subscripts differ at p < 0.05 on Tukey’s test. Cohen’s d is calculated using the SDs of the controls

FRD familial-risk dyslexia; FRND familial-risk no-dyslexia; C control