Table 3.
Familial risk | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dyslexia | No-dyslexia | Control | Effect size (Cohen’s d) | ||||||||||
Measure | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | N | F | df | p | FRD vs. FRND | FRD vs. C | FRND vs. C |
Preliteracy skills (6 years) | |||||||||||||
Rapid naming colours | 0.58a | 0.16 | 0.72b | 0.18 | 0.75b | 0.18 | 185 | 14.19 | (2, 182) | <0.001 | 0.79 | 0.96 | 0.17 |
Phonological awareness | |||||||||||||
Blending | 7.57a | 5.70 | 11.56b | 6.25 | 14.45c | 5.14 | 189 | 19.51 | (2, 186) | <0.001 | 0.78 | 1.34 | 0.56 |
Segmentation | 5.08a | 4.97 | 9.46b | 6.67 | 12.32c | 6.09 | 189 | 19.49 | (2, 186) | <0.001 | 0.72 | 1.19 | 0.47 |
Letter knowledge | |||||||||||||
Receptive | 13.61a | 6.58 | 21.27b | 6.59 | 22.73b | 7.20 | 189 | 27.91 | (2, 186) | <0.001 | 1.06 | 1.27 | 0.20 |
Productive | 9.02a | 6.28 | 17.66b | 8.13 | 18.50b | 8.22 | 188 | 24.89 | (2, 185) | <0.001 | 1.05 | 1.15 | 0.10 |
School achievement (9 years) | |||||||||||||
Reading | 28.64a | 8.21 | 54.72b | 12.10 | 61.53c | 12.24 | 196 | 129.98 | (2, 193) | <0.001 | 2.13 | 2.69 | 0.56 |
Arithmetic | −1.35a | 1.61 | 0.15b | 1.79 | 0.90c | 1.75 | 196 | 24.22 | (2, 193) | <0.001 | 0.86 | 1.29 | 0.43 |
F and df values refer to an ANOVA for the effect of group. Means in the same row that do not share subscripts differ at p < 0.05 on Tukey’s test. Cohen’s d is calculated using the SDs of the controls
FRD familial-risk dyslexia; FRND familial-risk no-dyslexia; C control