Table 5.

Hierarchical regression models predicting children’s reading at 9 years from parental literacy difficulties

Model	Step	Predictor	ΔR 2	βa
1 (N = 98)	1	Risk	0.11***	−0.10
	2	Literacy of weakest-reading parent	0.02	−0.17
	3	Literacy of best-reading parent	0.11***	−0.34***
2 (N = 98)	1	Risk	0.11***	−0.10
	2	Parental education	0.03	0.06
	3	Literacy of weakest-reading parent	0.01	−0.16
	4	Literacy of best-reading parent	0.09**	−0.32**
3 (N = 86)	1	Risk	0.14***	−0.04
	2	Parental education	0.43***	0.15
		Children’s preliteracy skills
		Rapid naming		0.28**
		Phonological awareness		0.14
		Letter knowledge		0.34**
	3	Literacy of weakest-reading parent	0.01	−0.19
	4	Literacy of best-reading parent	<0.01	−0.06

^aReported β’s are values at the final step (all predictors included)

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001