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. 2014 Sep 16;5:341. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00341

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Copyright © 2014 Agarwal, Stowe, Dash, Bosnjak and Camara.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A proposed view of cardioprotection by effects of volatile anesthetics (VA) on electron transport chain (ETC) proteins and on ADP/ATP transport via voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC). By direct attenuation of NADH dehydrogenase (complex I) and cytochrome bc₁ (complex III), VA promote a slightly more reduced redox state and a slowing of the rates of respiration and phosphorylation. Lowered ATP entry into the matrix through VDAC/ANT may contribute to reduced ATPase activity. These events may help to decrease ATP hydrolysis and so to better maintain cell ATP levels during reperfusion. Preserved ATP synthesis at complex V would diminish the need for glycolysis while decreasing lactic acidosis and cytosolic Ca²⁺ [Ca²⁺]_c (see details in Figure 1 legend). Other abbreviations: ROS, reactive oxygen species; mPTP, mitochondrial permeability transition pore; Symbol represents reverse functioning of NHE and NCE.

Inline graphic — A proposed view of cardioprotection by effects of volatile anesthetics (VA) on electron transport chain (ETC) proteins and on ADP/ATP transport via voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC). By direct attenuation of NADH dehydrogenase (complex I) and cytochrome bc₁ (complex III), VA promote a slightly more reduced redox state and a slowing of the rates of respiration and phosphorylation. Lowered ATP entry into the matrix through VDAC/ANT may contribute to reduced ATPase activity. These events may help to decrease ATP hydrolysis and so to better maintain cell ATP levels during reperfusion. Preserved ATP synthesis at complex V would diminish the need for glycolysis while decreasing lactic acidosis and cytosolic Ca²⁺ [Ca²⁺]_c (see details in Figure 1 legend). Other abbreviations: ROS, reactive oxygen species; mPTP, mitochondrial permeability transition pore; Symbol represents reverse functioning of NHE and NCE.