Table 1.
Inhibition of seroconversion of human vaccines by maternal antibodies.
| Infectious agent | Type of vaccine | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Tetanus | Combination protein vaccine | (25) |
| Pneumococcus | Combination protein vaccine | (25, 26) |
| Hib | Combination protein vaccine | (25, 27) |
| Pertussis | Combination protein vaccine | (25) |
| Acellular and whole-cell vaccine | (28) | |
| Measles virus | Live-attenuated | (29–31) |
| Mumps virus | Live-attenuated | (32) |
| Hepatitis A virus | Inactivated virus | (33) |
| Hepatitis B virus | Protein vaccine | (34) |
| Rotavirus | Live-attenuated | (35) |
| Poliovirus | Inactivated virus | (36, 37) |
| Live-attenuated vaccine | (38) | |
| Influenza virus | Cold recombinant influenza and trivalent inactivated virus | (39) |
This table lists examples of studies, which document the inhibition of or reduction in seroconversion after immunization with both live and non-live vaccines. Jones et al. (25) document a stronger inhibitory effect of maternal antibodies on tetanus and pneumococcal vaccines than Hib and pertussis vaccines. Most studies indicate that higher levels of maternal antibodies inhibit antibody development more severely than low titers. Two studies (29, 35) indicate that an increase in dose helps to improve antibody responses after immunization in the presence of maternal antibodies.