. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Sep 16.

Published in final edited form as: J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2011 Nov 3;54(6):1497–1505. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2011/10-0284)

Table 1.

Individual and group recommendations.

Groups of Recommendations (N=9)	Individual Recommendations (N=29)

Reducing or Eliminating Oral Intake	Diet NPO
	Diet NPO except for treatment with SLP
	Diet PPO

Altering meal habits	Control bolus size
	Control rate
	Follow solids w/ liquids
	Multiple swallows

Medication administration method	Alter medication administration method

Control bolus viscosity (dietary changes)	Thickened liquids
Control bolus viscosity (dietary changes)	Softer solid diets

Postural adjustments	Chin tuck
	Head turn right
	Head turn left
	Head tilt right
	Head tilt left

Laryngeal closure maneuvers and exercises	Supraglottic swallow (safe swallow)
Laryngeal closure maneuvers and exercises	Glottal closure exercises

Strengthening Maneuvers and Exercises and Range-Of-Motion Exercises	Effortful swallow
	Masako maneuver
	Mendelsohn maneuver
	Shaker exercise
	Oral strengthening
	ROM exercises

Sensory enhancement	Thermal-tactile application

Referrals	Referral to GI
	Referral to ENT
	Referral to pulmonary
	Referral to dental
	Referral to neurology

Note. NPO = nothing by mouth; SLP = speech-language pathologist; PPO = partially by mouth; ROM = range of motion; GI = gastrointestinal specialist; ENT = ear–nose–throat specialist.