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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Endocr Relat Cancer. 2014 May 6;21(3):R165–R182. doi: 10.1530/ERC-13-0283

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Androgen/AR signaling in hepatocarcinogenesis. There are three major factors that contribute to the development of liver tumors, e.g., HBV, carcinogens, and cirrhosis. In HBV-related HCC, AR promotes HBV virus replication to increase viral titers, as well as viral antigens to positively feedback HBV replication. In carcinogen- and DEN-related HCC, AR suppresses p53 and related cellular oxidative stress and DNA damage repair, thereby promoting hepatocyte transformation. However, it is still unknown how AR is involved in cirrhosis-related HCC.