Table 1.
Knocked-out gene/s | Compartment | Angiogenesis defects | CNS hemorrhage | CNS glomeruloid vascular malformations | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-CNS | CNS | |||||
Vegf | Neuroepithelium | – | +++ | – | – | [40] |
Id1 + Id3 | Global | Xenograft tumorsa, heart | ++ | ++ | ++ | [31, 32] |
Id1 + Id3 | Endothelium | Heart | – | – | – | [47] |
Wnt7a + Wnt7b | Embryo proper, neuroepithelium | – | ++ | ++ | ++ | [30] |
β-catenin | Endothelium | – | +++ | +++ | – | [30] |
Tgfβ1b + Tgfβ3 | Global | Yolk sac | ++ | ++ | ++ | [33] |
Tgfbr1 | Endothelium | Heart | ? | ++ | ? | [61] |
Tgfbr2 | Endothelium | Heart | ? | ++ | ? | [62] |
Integrin αv | Neuroepitheliumc | – | + | + | + | [28] |
Integrin β8 | Neuroepitheliumc | – | + | + | + | [29] |
Gpr124 | Global, endothelium | – | ++ | ++ | ++ | [34–36] |
aSince Id1−/−; Id3−/− mice are embryonic lethal, experiments were performed using Id1+/−; Id3−/− mice, which are viable
bThe TGFβ1-RGE mutant, which phenocopies the TGFβ1 null allele was used
cThe conditional knockout in endothelial cells was also investigated but had no phenotype