VEGF |
EC proliferation/migration; vascular permeability |
Up; 1 h to 7 days |
ECs; astrocytes; neurons; microglia/macrophages |
[133, 134, 192–200] |
VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) |
Receptor of VEGF |
Up; 48 h to 14 days |
ECs |
[133, 192, 197] |
VEGFR-2 (Flk-1) |
Receptor of VEGF |
Up; 48 h to 7 days |
ECs; neurons; microglia |
[133, 195, 198] |
PLGF |
Ligand of VEGFR1; potentiating VEGF |
Up; 3 days |
Vessels |
[201] |
Neuropilins |
Co-receptor of VEGF/PLGF |
Up; 24 h to 28 days |
ECs |
[201, 202] |
Angiopoietin-1/2 |
Ligands of Tie2; vascular maturation and stabilization |
Up; 1 h to 28 days |
ECs; neurons |
[132, 134, 135, 203, 204] |
Tie1/2 |
Vascular maturation and stabilization |
Up 0 to 1 h→down→Up 3–14 days |
ECs |
[203, 205, 206] |
PDGF-B |
Pericyte recruitment; vascular stabilization |
Up; hours to 7 days |
ECs; neurons; macrophages |
[207–209] |
PDGFRβ |
Receptor of PDGF-B |
Up; 48 h to 14 days |
Pericytes; neurons |
[207–209] |
Erythropoietin |
EC proliferation |
Up; 1–7 days |
ECs; astrocytes; microglia |
[210] |
eNOS |
EC proliferation/migration; vascular tone |
Up; 1–7 days |
ECs |
[211] |
TGFβ |
Cellular migration; extracellular deposition |
Up 12 h→down→up 7 days |
Vessels; astrocytes; microglia |
[212–215] |
FGFs |
EC growth |
Up; 1–14 days |
ECs; neurons; astrocytes; macrophages |
[216–219] |
Thrombospondins |
Vessel stabilization |
Up 1 h→down 1 day→up 3 days |
ECs; neurons |
[134] |