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. 2014 Sep 17;8:292. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00292

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Copyright © 2014 Oikonomou, Singh, Sterjanaj and Antic.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Glutamate-mediated dendritic spikes and plateaus in spiny neurons. (A1) Drawing depicts an experimental outline. Syn. – synaptic stimulation electrode. Red dots depict glutamate in synaptic and extrasynaptic spaces. (A2) Two consecutive synaptic shocks trigger classic NMDA spikes in all four types of spiny neurons. (A3) Amygdala NMDA spike on expanded time scale. (B1) Drawing depicts focal microiontophoresis of glutamate. Dendritic segment is engulfed in exogenous glutamate (red). (B2) Individual glutamate pulses (pulse duration = 5 ms), when delivered on spiny dendrites, produced sustained somatic depolarizations accompanied by action potential firing. APs are truncated for display. See also Figure 3B. Infliction points on the somatic voltage waveforms (arrows) testify to dendritic spike initiation, as determined by simultaneous dendritic voltage imaging and somatic whole-cell recordings (Milojkovic et al., 2005b).