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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Sep 15.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Cancer Res. 2014 Sep 15;20(18):4740–4746. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-1727

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Ras effector signaling. The importance of the Raf-MEK-ERK and PI3K-AKT-mTOR effector signaling networks are well validated drivers of mutant Ras-dependent cancer growth. Rac is activated by Ras through direct (e.g., Tiam1) or indirect (via PIP3 formation) activation of guanine nucleotide exchange factors for the Rac small GTPase. The group I PAKs comprise one key effector family of Rac. Over 50 substrates of PAK1 have been described (compiled from references 37 and 39). These substrates include components of the ERK MAPK cascade. PAK1 can also function as a scaffold to facilitate AKT activation.