Time course of energy metabolism. Average ± SE of energy expenditure, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production and respiratory quotient in 30 min intervals were plotted for blue light (465 nm, open circle) and no light (0 lux, filled circle) conditions. The morning after evening blue light exposure, energy expenditure, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were significantly lower than those not exposed to evening light (p ≤ 0.05; Wilcoxon signed rank test)