Fig. 5.

Tibial nerve stimulation (TNS) failed to inhibit the spinal reflex bladder activity induced by AA irritation. A: under isovolumetric conditions, rhythmic bladder contractions were not changed by TNS of different frequencies at an intensity of 4T for inducing toe twitching. The horizontal bars under the pressure trace indicate the duration of TNS (0.2 ms, T = 1.6 V). B–D: summarized results produced by 4T TNS. T = 1.8 ± 0.2V (1.2–3.5V). n = 12 cats. The bladder activity in B was measured as the area under the bladder pressure curve during TNS and then normalized to the measurement during the same time period before TNS. Similar normalization was also performed for the maximal contraction amplitude (C) and contraction frequency (D).