Table 2.

Representative antidiabetic agents for the management of patients with T2DM

Class	Drug (s)	Target	Action (s)	Disadvantages	Ref.
Biguanides	Metformin	AMP-kinase	blood glucose↓ insulin sensitivity↑ cardiovascular risk↓ hypoglycemia risk↓	GI side effects lactic acidosis Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency	92, 93, 110, 114
Sulfonylureas	Glyburide/ Glipizide/ Gliclazide/ Glimepiride	ATP-sensitive, K+ channels	insulin secretion↑	hypoglycemia weight gain	100, 101, 114
TZDs	Troglitazone/ Roziglitazone/ Pioglitazone	PPAR-γ	insulin sensitivity↑ hypoglycemia risk↓ glycemic control↑	bladder cancer risk↑ weight gain edema	1, 104, 105
AGIs	Acarbose/ Miglitol/ Voglibose	α-glucosidase	carbohydrate absorption↓	GI side effects dosing frequency	110
GLP-1 receptor agonists	Exenatide/ Liraglutide	GLP-1 receptors	insulin secretion↑ glucagon secretion↓ satiety↑ hypoglycemia risk↓	GI side effects acute pancreatitis renal dysfunction thyroid C-cell tumors in rodents	110, 112