TABLE 1—
Baseline Characteristics of Participants (n = 260): Behaviors Affecting Baby and You (BABY) Study, Massachusetts, 2007–2012
| Variables | Total Population (n = 260), No. (%) | Exercise (n = 132), No. (%) | Health and Wellness (n = 128), No. (%) | P |
| Prepregnancy BMI, k/m2 | .18 | |||
| < 30 | 99 (38) | 45 (34) | 54 (42) | |
| ≥ 30 | 161 (62) | 87 (66) | 74 (58) | |
| Previous GDM | .21 | |||
| Yes | 26 (10) | 9 (7) | 17 (13) | |
| No | 211 (81) | 111 (84) | 100 (78) | |
| Missing | 23 (9) | 12 (9) | 11 (9) | |
| Family history of diabetes | .68 | |||
| Yes | 241 (93) | 124 (94) | 117 (91) | |
| No | 5 (2) | 2 (2) | 3 (2) | |
| Missing | 14 (5) | 6 (5) | 8 (6) | |
| Age, y | .69 | |||
| 16–19 | 28 (11) | 17 (13) | 11 (9) | |
| 20–24 | 101 (39) | 54 (41) | 47 (37) | |
| 25–29 | 60 (23) | 27 (20) | 33 (26) | |
| ≥ 30 | 71 (27) | 34 (26) | 37 (29) | |
| Ethnicity | .27 | |||
| Hispanic | 143 (55) | 67 (51) | 76 (59) | |
| Non-Hispanic | 117 (45) | 65 (49) | 52 (41) | |
| Education | .08 | |||
| < high school | 63 (24) | 29 (22) | 34 (27) | |
| High school graduate | 82 (32) | 36 (27) | 46 (36) | |
| > high school | 111 (43) | 66 (50) | 45 (35) | |
| Missing | 4 (2) | 1 (1) | 3 (2) | |
| Income, $ | .5 | |||
| < 15 000 | 108 (42) | 52 (39) | 56 (44) | |
| > 15 000–30 000 | 39 (15) | 24 (18) | 15 (12) | |
| > 30 000 | 59 (23) | 27 (20) | 32 (25) | |
| Don’t know/missing | 54 (21) | 29 (22) | 25 (20) | |
| Marital status | .73 | |||
| Single | 189 (73) | 95 (72) | 94 (73) | |
| Married | 70 (27) | 37 (28) | 33 (26) | |
| Missing | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | |
| Living with spouse/partner | .92 | |||
| Yes | 170 (65) | 44 (33) | 43 (34) | |
| No | 87 (33) | 87 (66) | 83 (65) | |
| Missing | 3 (1) | 1 (1) | 2 (2) | |
| Adults in household (≥ 18 y)a | .57 | |||
| 1 | 52 (15) | 22 (17) | 30 (23) | |
| 2 | 142 (42) | 74 (56) | 68 (53) | |
| ≥ 3 | 142 (42) | 35 (27) | 29 (23) | |
| Missing | 2 (1) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | |
| Children in household (< 18 y)a | .36 | |||
| 0 | 60 (23) | 35 (27) | 25 (20) | |
| 1 | 99 (38) | 53 (40) | 46 (36) | |
| 2 | 65 (25) | 27 (20) | 38 (30) | |
| ≥ 3 | 33 (13) | 16 (12) | 17 (13) | |
| Missing | 3 (1) | 1 (1) | 2 (2) | |
| Prepregnancy smoking status | .97 | |||
| None | 167 (64) | 85 (64) | 82 (64) | |
| < 10 cigarettes/d | 69 (27) | 34 (26) | 35 (27) | |
| > 10 cigarettes/d | 20 (8) | 11 (8) | 9 (7) | |
| Missing | 4 (2) | 2 (2) | 2 (2) | |
| Pregnancy smoking status | .56 | |||
| None | 211 (81) | 104 (79) | 107 (84) | |
| < 10 cigarettes/d | 34 (13) | 19 (14) | 15 (12) | |
| > 10 cigarettes/d | 3 (1) | 1 (1) | 2 (2) | |
| Missing | 12 (5) | 8 (6) | 4 (3) |
Note. BMI = body mass index; GDM = gestational diabetes mellitus.
a
Including the participant as appropriate: if < 18 years, included as a child; if ≥ 18 years, included as an adult.