TABLE 2—
Associations Between Mental Health and Substance Use, Exposure to Violence, and Limitations in Activities of Daily Living Among Adolescents and Young Adults With and Without Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Wilder Homelessness Study, Minnesota, 2006 and 2009
| History of TBI,a % |
||||
| Variable | Total, No. (%) | Yes (n = 1145) | No (n = 1549) | PRb (95% CI) |
| Type of mental health diagnosis, past 2 y | ||||
| Schizophrenia | 107 (4.0) | 6.6 | 2.0 | 1.50 (1.18, 1.90) |
| Other psychotic disorder | 139 (5.2) | 8.7 | 2.4 | 1.62 (1.31, 2.00) |
| Bipolar disorder | 523 (19.5) | 28.3 | 12.8 | 1.60 (1.40, 1.82) |
| Major depression | 790 (29.4) | 40.7 | 20.8 | 1.66 (1.47, 1.88) |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | 420 (15.7) | 24.6 | 9.1 | 1.77 (1.54, 2.03) |
| Alcohol use disorder | 289 (10.7) | 16.7 | 6.4 | 1.41 (1.20, 1.66) |
| Drug use disorder | 381 (14.2) | 20.2 | 9.6 | 1.34 (1.15, 1.56) |
| No. of mental health diagnoses, past 2 y | ||||
| 0 | 1463 (55.5) | 39.9 | 67.0 | 1.00 (Ref) |
| 1 | 454 (17.2) | 19.3 | 15.8 | 1.51 (1.28, 1.78) |
| 2 | 346 (13.1) | 18.1 | 9.6 | 1.84 (1.56, 2.19) |
| ≥ 3 | 373 (14.1) | 22.8 | 7.6 | 2.10 (1.79, 2.47) |
| Substance use in past 30 d | ||||
| Alcohol | 867 (32.1) | 38.1 | 27.8 | 1.18 (1.05, 1.34) |
| Marijuana | 580 (21.5) | 27.2 | 17.2 | 1.30 (1.14, 1.50) |
| Crack or cocaine | 71 (2.6) | 3.9 | 1.6 | 1.39 (1.03, 1.89) |
| Heroin | 23 (0.9) | 1.4 | 0.5 | 1.38 (0.84, 2.28) |
| Inhalants | 23 (0.9) | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.25 (0.69, 2.27) |
| Methamphetamines | 49 (1.8) | 2.2 | 1.4 | 1.14 (0.75, 1.72) |
| Hallucinogens | 36 (1.3) | 1.8 | 1.0 | 1.30 (0.84, 2.03) |
| Lifetime suicidal behavior | ||||
| Suicidal ideation | 893 (33.5) | 48.4 | 22.4 | 1.83 (1.62, 2.06) |
| Suicide attempt (among those with suicidal ideation) | 584 (65.7) | 69.1 | 60.3 | 1.22 (1.01, 1.47) |
| History of trauma | ||||
| Childhood physical abuse | 1153 (43.2) | 57.2 | 32.7 | 1.80 (1.59, 2.02) |
| Childhood sexual abuse | 799 (29.9) | 38.9 | 23.4 | 1.74 (1.53, 1.98) |
| Childhood neglect | 809 (30.3) | 38.8 | 23.8 | 1.47 (1.30, 1.66) |
| Intimate partner violence in past 12 mo | 803 (29.8) | 36.1 | 24.9 | 1.54 (1.35, 1.75) |
| Physical or sexual assault during homeless episode | 570 (21.2) | 32.3 | 13.0 | 1.88 (1.66, 2.14) |
| Survival sex during homeless episode | 421 (15.6) | 21.7 | 11.0 | 1.51 (1.31, 1.74) |
| Activities of daily living | ||||
| Condition that limits type or amount of work done | 623 (23.4) | 32.4 | 16.8 | 1.51 (1.33, 1.72) |
| Condition that limits bathing, eating, getting dressed, or getting around independently | 168 (6.2) | 9.0 | 4.1 | 1.43 (1.16, 1.77) |
| Condition that leads to confusion, trouble remembering things, or problems making decisions | 715 (26.7) | 41.2 | 15.9 | 1.87 (1.66, 2.11) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; PR = prevalence ratio. Percentages may not equal 100% because of rounding. Unless otherwise specified, the reference group for each variable is no diagnosis or no exposure.
a
Data regarding history of TBI were missing for 38 respondents.
b
Comparison adjusted for age, gender, race, and education.