Table 1.
Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Study (Cohort) | N | Sex | Base-line Age | Follow- Up Age | Baseline Assessment | (Number) and Description of Baseline Variables | Follow-up Assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clark et. al, 2007 (National Child Development Study; NCDS) | 9,377 | M/F | 7y and 11y | 23y, 33y, 42y | Teacher rated Bristol Social Adjustment Guide | (2) Teacher-reported externalizing problems at 7y and 11y | Self-report based on the previous week on the Malaise Inventory, Revised Clinical Interview Schedule using ICD-10 criteria |
| Copeland et al., 2009 (Great Smoky Mountains) | 1,420 | M/F | 9–12y | 19–21y | Parent report on the Child Behavior Checklist, parent and youth report on Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment | (2) ODD and CD based on combined parent and youth report | Self-report based on the previous three months on the Young Adult Psychiatric Assessment using DSM-IV criteria |
| Rowe et al., 2010 (Great Smoky Mountains) | 1,420 | M/F | 9y, 11y, 13y | 19y, 21y | Parent report on the Child Behavior Checklist, parent and youth report on Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment | (3) ODD, CD, and ODD+CD based on combined parent and youth report | Self-report based on the previous three months on the Young Adult Psychiatric Assessment using DSM-IV criteria |
| Sourander et al., 2005 (Finnish Boy to a Man) | 2,712 | M | 8y | 18–23y | Teacher report on Rutter B2 scale, Parent report on Rutter A2 scale, Self-report on the Child Depression Inventory and Psychosomatic Scale | (2) Parent-reported conduct problems, teacher- reported conduct problems | Self-report of current psychiatric illness at military health exams/interviews in 1999, 2002, or 2004 using ICD-10 criteria |
| Sourander et al., 2007 (Finnish Boy to a Man) | 2,556 | M | 8y | 18–23y | Teacher report on Rutter B2 scale, Parent report on Rutter A2 scale, Self-report on the Child Depression Inventory and Psychosomatic Scale | (1) Conduct problems based on combined parent and teacher reports | Self-report of current psychiatric illness at military health exams/interviews in 1999, 2002, or 2004 using ICD-10 criteria |
| Reinherz et al., 1999 (Community in Northeast US) | 375 | M/F | 6–9y | 18y, 21y, 26y | Teacher rated Preschool Behavior Questionnaire | (1) Teacher-reported hostile behavior | Self-report of symptoms occurring between 18 and 26 years on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, v III-R, using DSM-III-R criteria |
| Mason et al., 2004 (Seattle Social Development Project) | 765 | M/F | 10–11y | 21y | Parent, Teacher and self- report on the Child Behavior Checklist | (5) Child self-reported conduct problems, parent- reported oppositional symptoms and conduct problems, teacher-reported oppositional symptoms and conduct problems | Self-report based on the previous 12 months on a modified version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule using DSM-III criteria |
| Althoff et al., 2010 (Zuid-Holland Longitudinal Study) | 1,576 | M/F | 4–16y (Mean age 9.9 y ± 3.7 y) | 24.5 ± 3.8 y/o | Parent report on the Child Behavior Checklist | (2) Parent-reported aggressive behavior and externalizing symptoms | Self-report based on the previous 12 months on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview using DSM-IV criteria and three sections of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule |
| Huesmann et al., 2009 (Columbia County Longitudinal Study) | 523 | M/F | 8y | 19y, 30y, 48y | Classroom based peer nominations of aggressive behavior | (2) Peer nominated childhood limited aggression and life-course persistent aggression | Self-report based on the previous week on the Brief Symptom Inventory |
| Fergusson et al., 2013 (Christchurch Health and Development Study) | 964 | M/F | 6–10y | 18–30y | Parent and Teacher report on the Rutter Behavior Questionnaire | (1) Conduct problems based on combined parent and teacher reports | Self-report of current symptoms on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview using DSM-IV criteria |