Table 2.
Expression and levels of proangiogenic factors in placenta and cord blood in pregnancies complicated by different types of diabetes.
| Factor | Type of diabetes | Placenta | Cord blood |
|---|---|---|---|
| VEGF | GDM | ↓protein [115] | ↓[108] |
| T1D | =mRNA [35] | ↓[107] | |
|
| |||
| PlGF | GDM | ↓protein [115] | ↓[108] |
| T1D | =mRNA [35] | ↓[107] | |
|
| |||
| FGF2 | GDM | ↑mRNA and protein [112, 132] | ↑[112, 142] |
| T1D | ↑mRNA [33, 111] ↑protein [34] =mRNA [35] |
↑[142] | |
|
| |||
| Angiopoietin | GDM | ↑mRNA [113] | |
| T1D | =mRNA [35] | ||
|
| |||
| Erythropoietin | GDM | ↑[103, 108] | |
| T1D | ↑[103, 126] | ||
|
| |||
| IL6 | GDM | ↑mRNA [119] | ↓[121] |
| T1D | |||
|
| |||
| TNFA | GDM | ↑protein [120] ↑mRNA [113] =mRNA [119] |
=[122] ↓[121] |
| T1D | |||
|
| |||
| Insulin | GDM | ↑[124, 125, 127, 143] | |
| T1D | ↑[5, 125, 126] | ||
|
| |||
| IGF1 | GDM | =mRNA [112] ↓mRNA [113] |
↑[112, 144, 145] |
| T1D | =[5] | ||
| IDDM | ↑[146] | ||
| T2D | =[144] | ||
| D | =mRNA [147] | ↑[147] | |
|
| |||
| IGF2 | GDM | ↑mRNA [113] | ↑[148] =[145] |
| T1D | |||
| IDDM | ↑[146, 148] | ||
| D | =mRNA [147] ↓peptide [147] |
↑[147] | |
↑ indicates elevated levels, ↓ indicates reduced levels, and = indicates unchanged levels in diabetes.
GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; T1D: type 1 diabetes; T2D: type 2 diabetes; IDDM: insulin dependent diabetes mellitus without further classification; D: diabetes without further classification.