Table 3.
Odds ratios of health check attendance in the past 2 years by predisposing, enabling, and need factors
| Men | Women | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Multiple-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Multiple-adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| Predisposing factors | ||||
| Age | ||||
| 35–44 years | – | 1.00 (Ref.) | – | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| 45–54 years | – | 2.03 (1.75-2.36)*** | – | 1.63 (1.45-1.83)*** |
| 55–64 years | – | 3.21 (2.71-3.80)*** | – | 2.03 (1.78-2.31)*** |
| 65–74 years | – | 3.33 (2.76-4.01)*** | – | 2.54 (2.18-2.96)*** |
| 75+ years | – | 2.52 (1.92-3.30)*** | – | 2.26 (1.82-2.81)*** |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||
| Low | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Medium | 1.34 (1.15–1.57)*** | 1.22 (1.02-1.45)* | 1.42 (1.26–1.61)*** | 1.35 (1.16-1.56)*** |
| High | 1.70 (1.44–2.00)*** | 1.43 (1.18-1.74)*** | 1.56 (1.37–1.79)*** | 1.34 (1.14-1.59)*** |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 1.07 (0.87–1.31) | 1.08 (0.87-1.35) | 1.16 (0.99–1.35) | 1.19 (1.00-1.41) |
| Married and living together | 1.55 (1.32–1.82)*** | 1.44 (1.21-1.72)*** | 1.26 (1.09–1.45)** | 1.17 (1.00-1.36)* |
| Enabling factors | ||||
| Statutory health insurance | ||||
| AOK | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| EK | 1.34 (1.18–1.53)*** | 1.06 (0.91-1.23) | 1.21 (1.09–1.34)*** | 1.04 (0.92-1.17) |
| BKK | 1.26 (1.09–1.47)** | 1.09 (0.92-1.29) | 1.28 (1.12–1.47)*** | 1.25 (1.08-1.45)** |
| Other | 1.11 (0.92–1.33) | 1.00 (0.82-1.23) | 1.17 (0.98–1.38) | 1.10 (0.91-1.32) |
| Social support | ||||
| Poor | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Intermediate | 1.49 (1.28–1.74)*** | 1.33 (1.13-1.58)*** | 1.28 (1.13–1.45)*** | 1.15 (1.00-1.32) |
| Strong | 1.73 (1.47–2.04)*** | 1.49 (1.24-1.78)*** | 1.41 (1.24–1.61)*** | 1.24 (1.07-1.43)** |
| Type of residential area | ||||
| Rural and sparsely populated | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Rural with concentration signs | 1.10 (0.92-1.31) | 1.17 (0.96-1.42) | 1.07 (0.92-1.21) | 1.05 (0.89-1.24) |
| Urban | 1.14 (0.98–1.33) | 1.18 (0.99-1.39) | 1.15 (1.01–1.30)* | 1.13 (0.98-1.30) |
| Metropolitan | 0.94 (0.80–1.11) | 1.09 (0.91-1.30) | 1.06 (0.92–1.21) | 1.08 (0.93-1.26) |
| Need factors | ||||
| Obesity | ||||
| No | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Yes | 1.08 (0.95–1.24) | 1.03 (0.88-1.19) | 1.02 (0.91–1.15) | 1.08 (0.94-1.23) |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Active | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Slightly active | 0.92 (0.81–1.03) | 0.87 (0.77-0.99)* | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | 0.94 (0.85-1.04) |
| Not active at all | 0.70 (0.61–0.81)*** | 0.79 (0.68-0.93)** | 0.70 (0.62–0.79)*** | 0.78 (0.69-0.89)*** |
| Smoking | ||||
| Non-smoker | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Smoker | 0.68 (0.61–0.76)*** | 0.78 (0.68-0.88)*** | 0.67 (0.61–0.74)*** | 0.77 (0.69-0.85)*** |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| Never | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Moderate | 1.21 (1.03–1.41)* | 1.07 (0.90-1.28) | 1.43 (1.28–1.60)*** | 1.30 (1.15-1.48)*** |
| Hazardous | 1.12 (0.95–1.33) | 1.05 (0.86-1.27) | 1.38 (1.21–1.58)*** | 1.29 (1.11-1.50)*** |
| Fruit/vegetable consumption | ||||
| Low | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Medium | 1.39 (1.23–1.57)*** | 1.19 (1.04-1.36)* | 1.51 (1.34–1.71)*** | 1.39 (1.21-1.59)*** |
| High | 1.69 (1.41–2.01)*** | 1.36 (1.12-1.65)** | 1.70 (1.48–1.96) *** | 1.43 (1.23-1.68)*** |
| Self-rated health | ||||
| Very good/good | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Fair/poor/very poor | 0.91 (0.81–1.02) | 0.82 (0.71-0.94)** | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) | 0.94 (0.83-1.05) |
| Outpatient care use | ||||
| Low | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) | 1.00 (Ref.) |
| Medium | 2.25 (1.99–2.54)*** | 2.26 (1.98-2.58)*** | 2.26 (2.03–2.52)*** | 2.16 (1.93-2.42)*** |
| High | 2.41 (2.04–2.85)*** | 2.86 (2.35-3.47)*** | 2.55 (2.22–2.93)*** | 2.59 (2.21-3.04)*** |
*p < 0.05. **p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001. OR = odds ratio. CI = confidence interval. Ref. = reference category. AOK = local health insurance funds. EK = alternative health insurance funds. BKK = company health insurance funds.