Table 2.
Examples of the multiple medium combinations to stimulate chondrogenic differentiation of adipose derived stem cells (Adapted from 66) Source of tissue were from human except *from rabbit
| Year and Ref | Differentiation Protocol | Outcome |
|---|---|---|
| 2001 [2] | DMEM, FBS, insulin, ascorbate 2-phosphate | Processed lipoaspirate cells differentiate in vitro into a chondrogenic lineage using specific induction factors. |
| 2002 [67] | DMEM, FBS, ITS, ascorbate 2-phosphate, dexamethasone, TGFβ-1, sodium pyruvate | ADSCs abundantly synthesized cartilage matrix molecules including collagen type II, VI, and chondroitin 4-sulfate. |
| 2003 [68] | DMEM, BSA, ITS, ascorbate 2-phosphate, sodium pyruvate, TGFβ-1, dexamethasone, L-glutamine, pyridoxine hydrochloride | The combination of TGF-β1 and ITS stimulated cell growth and synthesis of proteins and proteoglycans by human ADSCs. |
| 2004 [69] | DMEM, FBS, ITS, ascorbate 2-phosphate, dexamethasone, TGFβ-1 | Chondrogenic media containing TGF-β1 significantly increased protein and proteoglycan synthesis and DNA, sulfated glycosaminoglycans, and hydroxyproline content of engineered constructs. |
| 2004 [70] | DMEM, FBS, transferrin, ITS, ascorbate 2-phosphate, dexamethasone, TGFβ-1 | Chondrogenic media enabled processed lipoaspirate cells to form nodules within 48 h of induction and expressed the cartilaginous markers collagen type II, chondroitin-4-sulfate and keratan sulfate. |
| 2006 [71] | HAMS-F12, DMEM, ITS, ascorbate 2-phosphate, dexamethasone and TGFβ-1 | By day 14 ADSCs in chondrogenic media on elastin hydrogels exhibited formation of collagen and sulfated glycosaminoglycan. |
| 2006 [72] | DMEM, FBS, ITS, ascorbate 2-phosphate, BMP-6 | BMP-6 up-regulated aggrecan and collagen expression showing BMP-6 is an inducer of chondrogenesis in ADSCs. |
| 2006 [73] * | DMEM, FBS, ITS, ascorbate 2-phosphate, BMP-2 | ADSCs induced by rhBMP-2 were transplanted into nude mice and formed cartilage lacuna at week 8. |
| 2007 [74] | DMEM, ITS, ascorbate 2-phosphate, sodium pyruvate, pyridoxine hydrochloride, L-glutamine, dexmethasone, TGF-β1, BMP-2 | BMP-2 and TGF-β1 induced a chondrogenic phenotype in ADSC. |
| 2009 [75] | HAMS-F12, DMEM, ITS, ascorbate 2-phosphate, thyroxine, pyruvate, dexamethasone, TGFβ-2, BMP-2,6,7 | At 4 weeks, glycosaminoglycan assays, RT-PCR, and histology demonstrated the combination of 5 ng/mL of TGFβ-2 and 100 ng/mL of BMP-7 most effectively induced chondrogenesis of ADSCs. |
Key; TGFβ-1 transforming growth factor-β1, BMP bone morphogentic protein, DMEM dulbecco modified eagle medium, FBS fetal bovine serum, ADSCs adipose derived stem cells, ITS insulin-transferrin-selenium, BSA bovine serum albumin, RT-PCR real-time reverse-transcription PCR