. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: Crit Care Med. 2014 Oct;42(10):2258–2266. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000507

Table 7.

Association between Clinical Indicators of Adherence and Discharge Survival by Each Treatment Location.

Adherence Indicators Affecting Mortality	Prehospital 5 indicators^*	Emergency Department 5 indicators^*	Operating room 10 indicators^*	Intensive Care Unit 14 indicators^*
	aHR (95% CI)	aHR (95% CI)	aHR (95% CI)	aHR (95% CI)
*Direct transport to pediatric trauma center from scene*
No; transport to outside hospital then pediatric trauma center	1.00 (---)
Yes; direct transport from scene	0.14 (0.03, 0.73)
*Decompressive craniectomy*
No DC for high ICP or/and SDH or/and EDH or/and cerebral edema			1.0 (---)
DC for high ICP or/and SDH or/and EDH or/and cerebral edema			4.3 (3.3, 5.6)
No high ICP or/and SDH or/and EDH or/and cerebral edema			not included in model^***
*Hypoxia treated within 30 minutes after onset*
Hypoxia present & untreated or treated > 30 minutes	1.00 (---)
Hypoxia present & treated in 30 minutes	0.02 (0.001, 0.31)
No hypoxia present	0.006 (0.005, 0.071)
*Early nutrition start*
Start after 72hours of TBI				1.00 (---)
Start within 72 hours of TBI				0.06 (0.02, 0.17)^**
*PaCO2 > 30mmHg in absence of herniation & PaCO2 ≤30mmHg in presence of herniation (abnormal pupil or CT evidence)*
HERNIATION PRESENT
PaCO₂ > 30 mmHg				1.00 (---)
PaCO₂ ≤ 30 mmHg				18.3 (5.69, 58.9)
NO HERNIATION
PaCO₂ ≤ 30 mmHg				1.0 (---)
PaCO₂ > 30 mmHg				0.26 (0.06, 1.13)
*Hypertonic saline or Mannitol used for high ICP*
High ICP and neither used	1.00 (---)
High ICP and either/both used	0.14 (0.01, 1.58)
No high ICP present	0.25 (0.07, 0.99)
*Barbiturates used in high ICP*
No barbiturates used with high ICP				1.00 (---)
Barbiturates used with high ICP				0.22 (0.18-0.26)
No high ICP				0.78 (0.43, 1.45)

See Table 1 for Location specific indicators examined.

^**

No difference when model run excluding subjects with abdominal injuries.;

^***

n = 7 for this group and no deaths occurred

All models adjusted for age, sex, head abbreviated injury severity (AIS) score, motor Glasgow coma scale score, and maximum non-head AIS.

Each location is a separate model.

---Indicator not in model.