Figure 1.

Infection of DBA/2 mice with P. berghei ANKA constitutes a rodent model for malaria-associated ALI/ARDS. (a) Survival and (b) parasitemia curves from the ALI/ARDS and HP mice over time. The red line was the mice that died with ALI/ARDS. The gray area represents the period when the mice die of ALI/ARDS. The data presented are representative of 13 independent experiments; n = 10–12 mice/experiment. (c) The lungs of mice that died with ALI/ARDS weighed 40% more than the lungs of mice that died with HP (**P ≤ 0.005; Mann-Whitney test of lung weights are representative of four separate experiments). Data ((b) and (c)) represent means and SEM; n = 10–12 mice/experiment. (d) Representative pictures of a NI mouse, (e) an infected mouse that died with ALI/ARDS showing hemorrhagic lungs and a large amount of pleural effusion, and (f) a mouse that died with HP showing pale and grayish lungs and no pleural effusion. Representative histopathological images of lungs from (g) NI mice and infected DBA/2 mice that died with (h) ALI/ARDS and (i) HP on the 10th and 21st days after infection, respectively. The arrow points to the hyaline membranes in the lungs of the DBA/2 mice that died with (j) ALI/ARDS stained with hematoxylin-eosin and (k) stained with phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin. The bar corresponds to 100 μm. HP: hyperparasitemia; ALI/ARDS: acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome.