Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the cell–GUV electrofusion process.

Cells and GUVs are exposed to an alternative current (AC) field to induce cell alignment (chain-of-pearls-like structure), and are then pulsed with direct current (DC) voltage to create breaks in the contact region between the cell membrane and GUV surfaces. Representative images are shown to demonstrate the appearance of cell–GUVs that had been exposed to the AC field and DC pulse.