Table 2.

Quality indicators for single-case research [29]

Dependent variable

• Dependent variables are described with operational and replicable precision

• Each dependent variable is measured with a procedure that generates a quantifiable index

• Dependent variables are measured repeatedly over time

• In the case of remote data capture, the identity of the source of the dependent variable should be authenticated or validated [3]

Independent variable

• Independent variable is described with replicable precision

• Independent variable is systematically manipulated and under the control of the experimenter

• Overt measurement of the fidelity of implementation of the independent variable is highly desirable

Baseline

• The majority of single-case research will include a baseline phase that provides repeated measurement of a dependent variable and establishes a pattern of responding that can be used to predict/compare against the pattern of future performance, if introduction or manipulation of the independent variable did not occur

• Baseline conditions are described with replicable precision

Experimental control/internal validity

• The design provides at least three demonstrations of experimental effect at three different points in time

• The design controls for common threats to internal validity (e.g., permits elimination of rival hypotheses)

• There are a sufficient number of data points for each phase (e.g., minimum of five) for each participant

• The results document a pattern that demonstrates experimental control

Social validity

• The dependent variable is socially important

• The magnitude of change in the dependent variable resulting from the intervention is socially important

• The methods are acceptable to the participant