Table 1.
Selected obesity-related complications according to weight status
| Overweight | Obese | Extreme obese | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 119 | 436 | 219 | ||
| Age (years) | 12.1 ± 2.6 | 11.4 ± 2.6 | 9.8 ± 3.6 | ||
| Gender (% girls) | 74 | 53 | 36 | ||
| BMI z-score | 1.7 ± 0.24 | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 3.8 ± 0.8 | ||
| WC (cm) | 78.3 ± 9.8 | 84.0 ± 11.2 | 87.4 ± 15.7 | ||
| n; (% within obesity status) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |||
| Obese | Extreme Obese | ||||
| Orthopedic complications: | |||||
| Genu valgum | 15/119 (12.6) | 145/436 (33.3) | 98/218 (45.0) | 3.4 (1.9 – 6.2)*** | 4.7 (2.5 – 8.8)*** |
| Pes planus | 18/104 (17.3) | 104/416 (25.0) | 79/207 (38.2) | 1.4 (0.8 – 2.5) | 2.1 (1.1 – 3.9)* |
| Hyperlordosis | 14/104 (13.5) | 101/416 (24.3) | 70/207 (33.8) | 1.9 (1.0 – 3.6)* | 2.3 (1.1 – 4.5)* |
| Cardiovascular risk factors: | |||||
| Systolic HTN | 8/99 (8.1) | 63/388 (16.2) | 45/188 (23.9) | 2.5 (1.2 – 5.5)* | 4.8 (2.1 – 11.1)*** |
| Diastolic HTN | 2/99 (2) | 23/387 (5.9) | 16/186 (8.6) | 3.1 (0.7 – 13.4) | 3.9 (0.8 – 18.7) |
| High TC | 11/31 (35.5) | 26/158 (16.5) | 17/101 (16.8) | 0.27 (0.1 – 0.7)** | 0.21 (0.1 – 0.6)** |
| High LDL-C | 7/30 (23.3) | 15/156 (9.6) | 14/99 (14.1) | 0.29 (0.1 – 0.8)* | 0.37 (0.1 – 1.2) |
| Low HDL-C | 3/30 (10) | 31/157 (19.7) | 31/100 (31.0) | 2.3 (0.7 – 8.3) | 4.4 (1.2 – 16.3)* |
| Metabolic complications: | |||||
| IFG/IGT/T2DM | 5/31 (16.1) | 19/162 (11.7) | 8/103 (7.8) | 0.83 (0.3 – 2.6) | 0.62 (0.2 – 2.3) |
| Hyperinsulinemia or IR | 11/27 (40.7) | 40/141 (28.4) | 35/91 (38.5) | 0.81 (0.3 – 2.0) | 2.2 (0.8 – 6.1) |
| High ALAT | 2/19 (10.5) | 8/108 (7.4) | 15/77 (19.5) | 0.48 (0.1 – 2.9) | 1.6 (0.3 – 9.8) |
| High TSH | 2/29 (6.9) | 10/147 (6.8) | 9/88 (10.2) | 0.95 (0.2 – 4.7) | 1.6 (0.3 – 8.7) |
| Non-medical complications: | |||||
| Shortness of breath | 17/104 (16.3) | 119/417 (28.5) | 95/207 (45.9) | 1.86 (1.1 – 3.3)** | 3.15 (1.7 – 5.9)*** |
| Sleep disturbance | 10/104 (9.6) | 45/416 (10.8) | 38/207 (18.4) | 1.06 (0.5 – 2.2) | 1.62 (0.7 – 3.6) |
| Bullying | 30/104 (28.8) | 154/417 (36.9) | 78/207 (37.7) | 1.50 (0.9 – 2.4) | 1.58 (0.9 – 2.7) |
| Psychological complaints | 67/105 (63.8) | 290/417 (69.5) | 122/207 (58.9) | 1.54 (0.9 – 2.5) | 1.35 (0.8 – 2.3) |
Data are express as mean and standard deviation.
For limits of pathological values, refer to the Methods section.
Odd ratio (OR) controlled for age and gender; controls being the overweight group.
*p < .05, **p < .01 and ***p < .001.
WC: waist circumference; HTN: hypertension; TC: total cholesterol; IFG: impaired fasting glucose; IGT: impaired glucose tolerance; T2DM: type 2 diabetes; IR: insulin resistance.