Table 2.
Age, Sex-Standardized Prevalence of Self-Reported Annual Eye-care Visits among Adults Aged 18 Years or Older with Self-Reported Visual Impairment, by Race/Ethnicity, Education, and Income, National Health Interview Survey, 1999–2008 a
| 1999 %, 95%CI |
2000 %, 95%CI |
2001 %, 95%CI |
2002 %, 95%CI |
2003 %, 95%CI |
2004 %, 95%CI |
2005 %, 95%CI |
2006 %, 95%CI |
2007 %, 95%CI |
2008 %, 95%CI |
Trend P value b |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 51.1 (47.0 – 55.1) | 53.5 (49.8 – 57.2) | 51.4 (47.7 – 55.0) | 54.2 (50.3 – 58.0) | 52.7 (48.9 – 56.4) | 55.0 (51.4 – 58.6) | 54.5 (50.6 – 58.3) | 50.9 (46.2 – 55.5) | 51.7 (47.5 – 55.9) | 52.6 (47.8 – 57.4) | 0.807 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 47.8 (39.8 – 56.0) | 52.7 (43.5 – 61.8) | 48.1 (39.9 – 56.5) | 46.5 (37.8 – 55.4) | 43.4 (35.4 – 51.7) | 44.6 (37.3 – 52.1) | 43.0 (35.0 – 51.4) | 44.8 (36.6 – 53.3) | 48.4 (40.1 – 56.8) | 47.2 (37.8 – 56.9) | 0.272 |
| Hispanic | 39.5 (28.3 – 51.8) | 43.6 (36.3 – 51.1) | 44.5 (37.4 – 51.8) | 35.8 (26.6 – 46.2) | 42.7 (31.9 – 54.2) | 50.2 (42.7 – 57.8) | 43.1 (34.5 – 52.1) | 45.3 (36.2 – 54.8) | 43.5 (33.0 – 54.7) | 36.9 (30.1 – 44.2) | 0.630 |
| p, white vs. black | 0.483 | 0.878 | 0.485 | 0.127 | 0.047 | 0.014 | 0.016 | 0.199 | 0.493 | 0.308 | |
| p, white vs. Hispanic | 0.070 | 0.018 | 0.103 | 0.001 | 0.102 | 0.265 | 0.020 | 0.308 | 0.173 | <0.001 | |
| p, black vs. Hispanic | 0.261 | 0.142 | 0.518 | 0.116 | 0.926 | 0.286 | 0.991 | 0.931 | 0.485 | 0.101 | |
| Education | |||||||||||
| < high school | 38.3 (31.9 – 45.1) | 43.5 (37.2 – 50.0) | 43.7 (38.2 – 49.4) | 38.2 (32.6 – 44.2) | 37.2 (31.8 – 43.0) | 42.5 (36.5 – 48.7) | 39.7 (34.0 – 45.6) | 42.6 (35.8 – 49.6) | 38.5 (32.1 – 45.4) | 35.4 (28.6 – 42.8) | 0.330 |
| High school | 52.9 (46.7 – 59.1) | 47.5 (41.9 – 53.2) | 44.5 (39.3 – 49.9) | 51.5 (45.3 – 57.7) | 52.8 (47.3 – 58.2) | 50.9 (44.9 – 56.8) | 53.1 (47.7 – 58.5) | 46.1 (40.2 – 52.0) | 52.6 (46.5 – 58.6) | 54.9 (48.2 – 61.5) | 0.312 |
| > high school | 54.1 (49.0 – 59.0) | 63.1 (59.3 – 66.8) | 58.8 (54.1 – 63.4) | 60.9 (56.0 – 65.7) | 59.0 (54.5 – 63.4) | 60.9 (56.3 – 65.3) | 59.2 (54.3 – 64.0) | 55.8 (49.4 – 62.0) | 57.0 (51.2 – 62.6) | 59.0 (53.8 – 64.0) | 0.637 |
| p, <HS vs. >HS | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.006 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| PIR | |||||||||||
| < 1.00 | 44.2 (35.9 – 52.8) | 41.0 (32.7 – 49.9) | 47.1 (40.6 – 53.6) | 36.7 (28.3 – 46.0) | 39.5 (32.0 – 47.6) | 47.7 (40.4 – 55.2) | 39.1 (30.8 – 48.1) | 41.0 (32.5 – 50.1) | 38.7 (30.6 – 47.5) | 33.3 (23.6 – 44.7) | 0.147 |
| 1.00 – 1.99 | 44.8 (37.9 – 51.9) | 51.7 (45.6 – 57.7) | 43.0 (37.1 – 49.2) | 46.7 (40.1 – 53.5) | 48.3 (42.2 – 54.5) | 43.4 (36.8 – 50.3) | 44.8 (38.1 – 51.8) | 44.3 (37.1 – 51.7) | 47.2 (39.5 – 55.1) | 44.3 (37.1 – 51.9) | 0.393 |
| 2.00 – 3.99 | 49.7 (43.6 – 55.8) | 49.8 (44.6 – 55.0) | 51.4 (45.9 – 56.8) | 50.5 (44.9 – 56.0) | 51.9 (46.2 – 57.6) | 51.8 (45.3 – 58.2) | 55.9 (49.8 – 61.7) | 51.2 (42.9 – 59.4) | 49.3 (42.6 – 56.0) | 52.6 (44.5 – 60.6) | 0.393 |
| ≥4.00 | 55.2 (46.9 – 63.2) | 60.9 (55.5 – 66.1) | 58.5 (52.8 – 64.0) | 68.0 (61.8 – 73.6) | 57.5 (51.2 – 63.6) | 64.6 (57.5 – 71.1) | 60.0 (53.2 – 66.4) | 58.2 (49.0 – 66.9) | 62.5 (55.4 – 69.0) | 65.7 (57.9 – 72.7) | 0.342 |
| p, <1 vs. ≥4 | 0.070 | <0.001 | 0.009 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.009 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Abbreviations: PIR, Poverty Income Ratio. PIR is an index of total income assessed in relation to federal poverty thresholds that vary by family size and composition. A PIR score of 1.00 is defined as the official federal poverty threshold level.
a
n=29,175. We categorized adults who reported experiencing any trouble seeing despite wearing contact lens or glasses as having visual impairment.
b
Linear trend.