Table 3.
Age, Sex-Standardized Prevalence of Being Unable to Afford Eyeglasses when Needed among Adults Aged 18 Years or Older with Self-Reported Visual Impairment, by Race/Ethnicity, Education, and Income, National Health Interview Survey, 1999–2008 a
| 1999 %, 95%CI |
2000 %, 95%CI |
2001 %, 95%CI |
2002 %, 95%CI |
2003 %, 95%CI |
2004 %, 95%CI |
2005 %, 95%CI |
2006 %, 95%CI |
2007 %, 95%CI |
2008 %, 95%CI |
Trend P value b |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 11.2 (9.5 – 13.1) | 15.2 (13.1 – 17.6) | 12.7 (10.8 – 14.9) | 12.7 (10.9 – 14.8) | 14.5 (12.3 – 16.9) | 15.1 (12.8 – 17.7) | 17.1 (14.6 – 19.8) | 16.1 (12.5 – 20.5) | 17.9 (15.1 – 21.1) | 16.0 (13.3 – 19.2) | 0.004 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 17.7 (12.6 – 24.3) | 26.7 (21.1 – 33.2) | 13.7 (9.1 – 20.2) | 17.4 (11.9 – 24.7) | 17.0 (12.1 – 23.3) | 22.5 (17.1 – 29.2) | 21.4 (15.6 – 28.5) | 16.6 (12.1 – 22.4) | 18.1 (12.9 – 24.9) | 15.3 (11.1 – 20.7) | 0.451 |
| Hispanic | 12.4 (8.9 – 17.0) | 9.7 (7.1 – 13.0) | 16.9 (11.8 – 23.6) | 19.0 (12.1 – 28.7) | 23.1 (17.0 – 30.6) | 21.7 (17.3 – 26.8) | 17.4 (13.4 – 22.3) | 23.2 (15.8 – 32.7) | 16.7 (10.8 – 25.0) | 26.7 (19.1 – 36.1) | 0.007 |
| p, white vs. black | 0.035 | 0.001 | 0.743 | 0.162 | 0.417 | 0.026 | 0.231 | 0.876 | 0.941 | 0.803 | |
| p, white vs. Hispanic | 0.588 | 0.003 | 0.194 | 0.145 | 0.019 | 0.016 | 0.898 | 0.124 | 0.775 | 0.020 | |
| p, black vs. Hispanic | 0.151 | <0.001 | 0.447 | 0.759 | 0.171 | 0.833 | 0.317 | 0.182 | 0.764 | 0.020 | |
| Education | |||||||||||
| < high school | 18.7 (14.2 – 24.2) | 21.0 (16.5 – 26.4) | 16.3 (12.8 – 20.5) | 16.5 (12.6 – 21.3) | 22.7 (18.4 – 27.6) | 22.5 (18.5 – 27.0) | 24.9 (20.3 – 30.2) | 27.7 (20.7 – 35.9) | 19.4 (14.9 – 24.9) | 25.8 (19.6 – 33.2) | 0.071 |
| High school | 11.0 (8.9 – 13.5) | 15.4 (12.2 – 19.2) | 16.4 (13.1 – 20.4) | 14.0 (10.5 – 18.3) | 14.2 (11.6 – 17.2) | 13.8 (11.0 – 17.3) | 15.2 (12.0 – 19.0) | 13.9 (10.3 – 18.6) | 20.3 (16.2 – 25.3) | 17.4 (13.2 – 22.6) | 0.036 |
| > high school | 10.7 (8.2 – 13.8) | 12.5 (10.2 – 15.2) | 9.8 (7.8 – 12.2) | 11.8 (9.5 – 14.6) | 12.0 (9.9 – 14.5) | 15.1 (12.1 – 18.6) | 14.8 (12.2 – 17.8) | 13.3 (10.4 – 16.8) | 13.9 (10.6 – 17.9) | 12.6 (10.1 – 15.6) | 0.058 |
| p, <HS vs. >HS | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.075 | <0.001 | 0.009 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.069 | <0.001 | |
| PIR | |||||||||||
| < 1.00 | 24.7 (18.4 – 32.4) | 22.0 (17.3 – 27.6) | 21.1 (16.1 – 27.2) | 24.2 (18.3 – 31.2) | 28.6 (22.6 – 35.5) | 24.7 (19.0 – 31.5) | 29.0 (23.2 – 35.6) | 24.0 (17.4 – 32.1) | 30.3 (23.1 – 38.7) | 23.7 (17.8 – 30.8) | 0.156 |
| 1.00 – 1.99 | 16.1 (12.7 – 20.4) | 20.0 (16.1 – 24.6) | 20.5 (16.4 – 25.3) | 18.0 (13.6 – 23.3) | 20.5 (16.1 – 25.7) | 21.9 (17.5 – 27.0) | 22.5 (18.0 – 27.7) | 22.6 (16.9 – 29.5) | 26.9 (21.0 – 33.7) | 28.6 (22.7 – 35.3) | <0.001 |
| 2.00 – 3.99 | 9.5 (7.2 – 12.5) | 15.4 (11.9 – 19.6) | 11.5 (8.9 – 14.8) | 10.8 (8.3 – 13.9) | 13.6 (10.6 – 17.2) | 16.4 (12.9 – 20.6) | 15.5 (12.1 – 19.8) | 14.5 (10.2 – 20.0) | 13.4 (9.9 – 17.8) | 13.3 (9.9 – 17.5) | 0.094 |
| ≥4.00 | 6.3 (3.9 – 10.2) | 8.5 (5.8 – 12.2) | 5.0 (3.2 – 7.8) | 7.6 (5.3 – 10.8) | 5.5 (3.5 – 8.4) | 8.1 (5.5 – 11.8) | 8.9 (5.7 – 13.8) | 9.1 (4.7 – 16.9) | 4.8 (3.0 – 7.5) | 5.4 (3.7 – 7.8) | 0.381 |
| p, <1 vs. ≥4 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Abbreviations: PIR, Poverty Income Ratio. PIR is an index of total income assessed in relation to federal poverty thresholds that vary by family size and composition. A PIR score of 1.00 is defined as the official federal poverty threshold level.
a
n=29,175. We categorized adults who reported experiencing any trouble seeing despite wearing contact lens or glasses as having visual impairment.
b
Linear trend.