Table 2.
Extent of smoking by risk factors, bivariate analysis (N=2,073).
| Total | Ex-smokers | Occasional | Daily | Smokers | p-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | % | % | % | ||
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 926 | 20.6 | 13.5 | 35.9 | 49.4 | <0.001 |
| Female | 1,143 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.9 | |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 18-34 | 870 | 4.6 | 5.5 | 11.4 | 16.9 | <0.001 |
| 35-54 | 792 | 10.2 | 7.7 | 21.0 | 28.7 | |
| 55+ | 411 | 18.0 | 5.4 | 17.5 | 22.9 | |
| Ethnic group | ||||||
| Sinhala | 1,724 | 10.0 | 6.3 | 15.8 | 22.0 | 0.891 |
| Tamil | 87 | 6.9 | 8.0 | 13.8 | 21.8 | |
| Muslim | 245 | 5.3 | 5.7 | 20.0 | 25.7 | |
| Religion | ||||||
| Buddhism | 1,706 | 10.1 | 6.1 | 15.8 | 21.9 | 0.129 |
| Hinduism | 76 | 7.9 | 6.6 | 11.8 | 18.4 | |
| Islam | 248 | 5.6 | 6.0 | 20.2 | 26.2 | |
| Christianity/Catholicism | 29 | 6.9 | 24.1 | 20.7 | 44.8 | |
| Education | ||||||
| Grade 10 or below | 803 | 4.4 | 2.1 | 8.1 | 10.2 | <0.001 |
| O-level | 638 | 8.9 | 4.5 | 20.7 | 25.2 | |
| A-level or higher | 618 | 16.5 | 13.9 | 22.7 | 36.6 | |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Professionals | 20 | 5.0 | 10.0 | 20.0 | 30.0 | <0.001 |
| Semi-professionals | 226 | 9.7 | 8.8 | 10.6 | 19.5 | |
| Businessmen | 144 | 15.3 | 11.8 | 37.5 | 49.3 | |
| Skilled workers | 555 | 16.6 | 11.0 | 35.5 | 46.5 | |
| Semi-skilled workers | 41 | 19.5 | 14.6 | 41.5 | 56.1 | |
| Retired | 93 | 26.9 | 8.6 | 17.2 | 25.8 | |
| Unemployedb | 993 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 2.6 | 4.5 | |
| AMHI (LKR) | ||||||
| < 5,000 | 432 | 8.3 | 5.1 | 16.2 | 21.3 | 0.847 |
| 5,000 - 9,999 | 576 | 8.0 | 5.6 | 16.3 | 21.9 | |
| 10,000 - 19,999 | 637 | 8.2 | 6.0 | 17.0 | 22.9 | |
| > 20,000 | 411 | 9.5 | 5.8 | 12.4 | 18.2 | |
| Physical health (self-rated) | ||||||
| Very good | 557 | 6.3 | 7.0 | 14.0 | 21.0 | 0.843 |
| Good | 782 | 8.1 | 6.3 | 18.5 | 24.8 | |
| Average | 556 | 12.1 | 6.1 | 15.3 | 21.4 | |
| Poor | 162 | 18.5 | 6.2 | 16.7 | 22.8 | |
| Mental health (self-rated) | ||||||
| Very good | 633 | 8.8 | 7.6 | 13.7 | 21.3 | 0.778 |
| Good | 911 | 7.9 | 5.3 | 18.0 | 23.3 | |
| Average | 434 | 11.8 | 6.9 | 15.4 | 22.4 | |
| Poor | 77 | 20.8 | 6.5 | 24.7 | 31.2 | |
| Any health problem | ||||||
| Yes | 757 | 12.2 | 4.9 | 15.3 | 20.2 | 0.246 |
| No | 1,217 | 7.7 | 7.4 | 16.8 | 24.2 | |
| History of physical abuse | ||||||
| Yes | 400 | 18.0 | 9.0 | 33.0 | 43.5 | <0.001 |
| No | 1,600 | 6.3 | 3.8 | 8.8 | 12.6 | |
| History of emotional abuse | ||||||
| Yes | 490 | 16.7 | 10.0 | 28.0 | 39.6 | <0.001 |
| No | 1,515 | 4.7 | 2.8 | 7.9 | 10.8 | |
| Total | 2,073 | 9.4 | 6.2 | 16.3 | 22.5 |
a
Smokers vs non-smokers;
b
Students, housewives, jobless; AMHI, Average monthly household income.