Table 1.

A taxonomy of transfer with transfer effects seen in aging studies

Temporal near			Temporal far
Functional near	Functional far		Functional near		Functional far
Modality far	Modality near	Modality far	Modality near	Modality far	Modality near	Modality far
Individual ability training
	Jennings et al., (2005)	Smith et al., (2009)	Ball et al., (2002)			Roenker et al., (2003)
	Immediate	Immediate	2yrs			18 months delay
	Lagged recognition to n-back, pointing, source recognition	Memory to neuropsychological memory & working memory tasks	Same trained and transferred			UFOV to Road Sign
	Visual to visual	Auditory to auditauditory Recognition to recall	Visual to visual			Visual to visual
	Recognition to recognition		Response selection to response selection			Response selection to turning and braking
		Roenker et al., (2003)	Willis et al., (2006)			Roenker et al., (2003)
		immediate	5 yrs			18 months delay
		UFOV to Road Sign	Same trained and transferred			UFOV to driving
		Visual to visual	Visual to visual			Visual to multiple
		Response selection to turning and braking	Response selection to response selection			Response selection to turning and braking
		Edwards et al., (2005)	Derwinger et al. (2005)			Ball et al., (2002)
		immediate	8 months delayed			2 yrs delayed
		UFOV to Timed IADL	Same trained and transferred			UFOV to Timed IADL
		Visual to visual	Visual to visual			Visual to multiple
		Response selection to multiple, including manual manipulation	Recall to recall			Response selection to multiple, including manual manipulation Wolinsky, et al., 2006) 2 yrs delayed UFOV to SF36 Vsual to multiple Response selection to ratings Willis et al., (2006) 5 yrs Reasoning to IADLs Visual to multiple Response selection to endorsement of impairments
Dual TaskTraining
Bherer et al., (2005)	Kramer, et al., (1995)				Kramer et al., (1999)
Immediate	Immediate				2 months delayed
Discrimination to discrimination	alpha arithmetic and monitoring to paired associates and scheduling				Cancelling and tracking to monitoring and alpha arithmetic,
Auditory to visual	Visual to visual				Visual to visual
Response selection to response selection	Response selection to response selection				Response selection to response selection
Complex training
	Basak et al., (2008)		Craik et al., (2007)
	Immediate		3–6 months delayed
	video game to four supervisory abilities Visual to visual		Recall strategies to recall
	Response selection to response selection		Multiple to multiple Recall to recall