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(a) Refractory period is defined as the period during which the pacemaker potential occurs and nonrefractory period is defined as the period during which the rest potential occurs. An ICC continuum cell in a nonrefractory state (b; gray square) is capable of either generating a new pacemaker potential due its own intrinsic frequency, or being entrained by one of the eight neighboring continuum cells, according to the flowchart of the cellular automata algorithm outlined in (c).
