Table 2.

Summary of nanoparticle platforms utilized for development of targeted imaging agents

Imaging Modality	Nanoparticle Platform	Ligand Type	Target	Reference
Computed Tomography	Gold Nanospheres	Antibody	Her2	[93]
			CD4	[94]
			EGFR	[95]
		Peptide	GRP receptor	[96]
		Aptamer	PSMA	[97]
	Gold Nanorods	Antibody	A9 Antigen	[98]
	Dendrimer (gold)	Small molecule	FA Receptor	[99]
			Thrombus	[100]
	Bismuth Nanoparticles	Protein	Thrombus	[101]
Ultrasound	Microbubbles	Peptide	Integrin	[102–107]
			VEGF/KDR	[108]
		Antibody	Integrin	[103]
			Integrin/VEGF	[109]
MRI	Iron Oxide Nanochains	Peptide	Integrin	[56]
	Iron Oxide Nanoparticles	Peptide	Integrin	[110]
			uPA Receptor	[111]
			EDB	[112]
		Antibody	Chemokine Receptor	[113]
			VEGF	[114]
		Protein	Transferrin Receptor	[115]
	Capsules (iron oxide)	Peptide	Integrin	[116]
	Lipid-based (gadolinium)	Peptide	Integrin	[117, 118]
			Integrin/galectin-1	[119, 120]
		Antibody	ICAM-1	[121]
			CD105	[122]
		Small molecule	FA Receptor	[123]
	Perfluorocarbon Nanoparticles	Various	Various	[124]
		Peptide	Integrin	[125]
		Antibody	Integrin	[126]
	LipoCEST	Peptide	Integrin	[127]
	Dendrimers (Gd)	Small molecule	FA Receptor	[128, 129]
Nuclear Imaging	Gold Nanoparticles (64Cu)	Peptide	Integrin	[130]
	Gold Nanoparticles (125I)	Peptide	Integrin	[131]
	Silica Nanospheres 64Cu)	Antibody	CD105	[132]
	Lipid-based (111In)		Integrin	[133]
Optical Imaging	Gold Nanoparticles	Antibody	EGFR	[134–136]
	Gold Nanoshells	Antibody	Her2	[137, 138]
	Gold Nanorods	Antibody	EGFR	[139–141]
	Rare-Earth Nanocrystals	Small molecule	FA Receptor	[142]
	NIR Dye Encapsulation	Antibody	Her2	[143]
	Dendrimers (NIR dye)	Peptides	MMPs	[144]
	NIR-labeled Iron Oxide Nanoparticle	Antibody	Her2	[145]
	Quantum Dots	Peptide	Integrin	[146]
		Antibody	EGFR	[147, 148]
Multimodal Imaging	SPECT-MRI	Peptide	Integrin	[149]
	PET-MR	Peptide	Integrin	[133]
	Optical MR	Peptide	CPP	[144]