Table 1.
Targets | Type of targeting ligands | Representative targeting ligands | Isotopes | Disease models | Stage | Selected References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VEGF | Antibody | Bevacizumab, Ranibizumab | 111In, 64Cu, 89Zr | Cancer | Clinical trials | [39, 52] |
| ||||||
VEGFR | VEGF isoforms | VEGF121, VEGF165 | 61/64Cu,68Ga, 18F | Cancer | Preclinical | [39, 52] |
Protein inhibitors | Aflibercept | 124I | Eye disease | Clinical trials | [76] | |
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Integrin αvβ3 | Peptide | RGD | 61/64Cu,68Ga, 18F | Cancer | Clinical trials | [89, 90] |
Antibody | Abegrin | 64Cu | Cancer | Clinical trials | ||
| ||||||
Integrin α4β1 | Peptide | LLP2A | 64Cu,68Ga | Cancer | Preclinical | [84, 86] |
| ||||||
CD105 | Antibody | MAEND3 SN6j TRC105 |
99mTc, 111In, 64Cu, 89Zr, 64Cu, 66Ga | Cancer Cardiovascular diseases |
Preclinical | [102, 105, 107, 124, 126, 127, 197] |
| ||||||
Tenascin-C | Antibody | 81C6 B28-13 F16SIP |
123/124/131I, 111In 68Ga |
Cancer Cardiac injury |
Clinical trials + preclinical | [140, 143, 200] |
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Eph receptors | Aptamer | TTA1 | 99mTc | Cancer | Preclinical | [145] |
Antibody | 1C1 hAb47 hAb131 |
64Cu | Cancer | Preclinical | [152, 154] | |
| ||||||
VAP-1 | Peptides | TNYL-RAW | 64Cu, 111In | Cancer | Preclinical | [153, 155] |
Peptides | VAP-P1 Siglec-9 |
68Ga | Inflammation | Preclinical | [232, 235–237] | |
Antibody | BTT-1023 | 123/124I | Inflammation | Preclinical | [238] | |
| ||||||
c-Met | Antibody | DN30 Onartuzumab 1E2-Alb8 |
124I, 89Zr, 76Br | Cancer | Preclinical | [161, 164] |
Peptides | cMBP cMBP-RGD |
125I | Cancer | Preclinical | [162, 163] | |
| ||||||
E-selectin | Antibody | 1.2B6 | 125I, 111In | Inflammation | Clinical trials +Preclinical | [223, 224] |
| ||||||
P-selectin | Antibody and fragments | SZ-LC SZ51-F(ab)2 RB40.34 |
64Cu, 99mTc | Inflammation, Atherosclerosis | Preclinical | [206, 209, 214] |
Fucoidan | 99mTc | Thrombus, Myocardial ischemia | Preclinical | [208] | ||
| ||||||
ED-B | Antibody fragments | L19-SIP | 123/124125//131I, 99mTc, 76Br | cancer | Clinical trials + preclinical | [175] |
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VCAM-1 | Antibody Nanobody |
4V | 18F, 99mTc | Atherosclerosis | Preclinical | [215] |
Peptides | B2702-p and B2702-rp | 99mTc, 123I | Inflammation | Preclinical | [218, 219] | |
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TEM-8 | Peptides | 13-meric peptide | 18F | Cancer | Preclinical | [193] |