Table 1.

Representative vascular targets and related PET or SPECT tracers.

Targets	Type of targeting ligands	Representative targeting ligands	Isotopes	Disease models	Stage	Selected References
VEGF	Antibody	Bevacizumab, Ranibizumab	111In, 64Cu, 89Zr	Cancer	Clinical trials	[39, 52]
VEGFR	VEGF isoforms	VEGF121, VEGF165	61/64Cu,68Ga, 18F	Cancer	Preclinical	[39, 52]
	Protein inhibitors	Aflibercept	124I	Eye disease	Clinical trials	[76]
Integrin αvβ3	Peptide	RGD	61/64Cu,68Ga, 18F	Cancer	Clinical trials	[89, 90]
	Antibody	Abegrin	64Cu	Cancer	Clinical trials
Integrin α4β1	Peptide	LLP2A	64Cu,68Ga	Cancer	Preclinical	[84, 86]
CD105	Antibody	MAEND3 SN6j TRC105	99mTc, 111In, 64Cu, 89Zr, 64Cu, 66Ga	Cancer Cardiovascular diseases	Preclinical	[102, 105, 107, 124, 126, 127, 197]
Tenascin-C	Antibody	81C6 B28-13 F16SIP	123/124/131I, 111In 68Ga	Cancer Cardiac injury	Clinical trials + preclinical	[140, 143, 200]
Eph receptors	Aptamer	TTA1	99mTc	Cancer	Preclinical	[145]
	Antibody	1C1 hAb47 hAb131	64Cu	Cancer	Preclinical	[152, 154]
VAP-1	Peptides	TNYL-RAW	64Cu, 111In	Cancer	Preclinical	[153, 155]
	Peptides	VAP-P1 Siglec-9	68Ga	Inflammation	Preclinical	[232, 235–237]
	Antibody	BTT-1023	123/124I	Inflammation	Preclinical	[238]
c-Met	Antibody	DN30 Onartuzumab 1E2-Alb8	124I, 89Zr, 76Br	Cancer	Preclinical	[161, 164]
	Peptides	cMBP cMBP-RGD	125I	Cancer	Preclinical	[162, 163]
E-selectin	Antibody	1.2B6	125I, 111In	Inflammation	Clinical trials +Preclinical	[223, 224]
P-selectin	Antibody and fragments	SZ-LC SZ51-F(ab)2 RB40.34	64Cu, 99mTc	Inflammation, Atherosclerosis	Preclinical	[206, 209, 214]
		Fucoidan	99mTc	Thrombus, Myocardial ischemia	Preclinical	[208]
ED-B	Antibody fragments	L19-SIP	123/124125//131I, 99mTc, 76Br	cancer	Clinical trials + preclinical	[175]
VCAM-1	Antibody Nanobody	4V	18F, 99mTc	Atherosclerosis	Preclinical	[215]
	Peptides	B2702-p and B2702-rp	99mTc, 123I	Inflammation	Preclinical	[218, 219]
TEM-8	Peptides	13-meric peptide	18F	Cancer	Preclinical	[193]