Table 1.
Racial/ethnic differences in characteristics of workers, violence experiences and resource utilization (N=2033)
| White (N=1312) n (%) |
Black (N=487) n (%) |
Asian (N=234) n (%) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Worker Categories | P<.0011 | |||
| Registered Nurse | 1112 (84.8) | 161 (33.1) | 202 (86.3) | |
| Clinical Nurse Specialist | 20 (1.5) | 2 (0.4) | 2 (0.9) | |
| Nurse Practitioner | 12 (0.9) | 3 (0.6) | 1 (0.4) | |
| Licensed Practical Nurse | 10 (0.8) | 7 (1.4) | 1 (0.4) | |
| Clinical Technician | 24 (1.8) | 19 (3.9) | 3 (1.3) | |
| Clinical Associate | 9 (0.7) | 66 (13.6) | 4 (1.7) | |
| Support Associate | 2 (0.2) | 69 (14.2) | 3 (1.3) | |
| Patient Care Technician | 45 (3.4) | 82 (16.8) | 7 (3.0) | |
| Nurse Associate | 26 (2.0) | 8 (1.6) | 0 | |
| Certified Nursing Assistant | 4 (0.3) | 21 (4.3) | 0 | |
| Certified Medical Assistant | 6 (0.5) | 6 (1.2) | 1 (0.4) | |
| Others | 42 (3.3) | 43 (8.8) | 10 (4.3) | |
| Workplace Violence (WPV) | ||||
| Types of WPV | P<.001 | |||
| Physical | 472 (36.0) | 86 (17.7) | 34 (14.6) | |
| Psychological | 400 (30.6) | 90(18.6) | 57 (24.4) | |
| Both | 256 (19.5) | 41 (8.4) | 18 (7.7) | |
| Frequency of Physical WPV | ns | |||
| Once | 61 (19.4) | 14 (24.6) | 5 (22.7) | |
| 2–4 times | 138 (43.8) | 21 (36.8) | 13 (59.1) | |
| 5+ times | 116 (36.8) | 22 (38.6) | 4 (18.2) | |
| Frequency of Psychological WPV | ns | |||
| Once | 51 (17.4) | 12 (18.8) | 9 (25.0) | |
| 2–4 times | 98 (33.4) | 19 (29.7) | 17 (47.2) | |
| 5+ times | 144(49.1) | 33 (51.6) | 10 (27.8) | |
| Perpetrator ----Physical WPV | P<.0012 | |||
| Patient | 1195(91.1) | 470 (96.5) | 225 (96.2) | |
| Patient’s Relative | 83 (6.3) | 8 (1.6) | 3 (1.3) | |
| Co-worker/Physician/Supervisor | 19 (1.4) | 7 (1.4) | 6 (2.6) | |
| General Public | 13 (1.0) | 0 | 0 | |
| Intimate Partner or other family member | 2 (0.2) | 2 (0.4) | 0 | |
| Perpetrator ----Psychological WPV | P<.0013 | |||
| Patient | 1071(81.6) | 435 (89.3) | 205 (87.6) | |
| Patient’s Relative | 68 (5.2) | 7 (1.4) | 2 (0.9) | |
| Co-worker/Physician/Supervisor | 155 (11.8) | 38 (7.8) | 26 (11.1) | |
| General Public | 9 (0.7) | 2 (0.4) | 0 | |
| Intimate Partner or other family member | 9 (0.7) | 5 (1.0) | 1 (0.4) | |
| Resource Use for WPV | ||||
| Type of Resources | P<.001 | |||
| Formal* | 349 (26.6) | 74 (15.2) | 35 (15.0) | |
| Informal | 963 (73.4) | 413 (84.8) | 199(85.0) | |
| Knowledge of employer’s policies and procedures regarding violence in the workplace | P<.001 | |||
| Yes | 1076(82.1) | 371 (76.7) | 148 63.5) | |
| No | 6 (0.5) | 8 (1.7) | 10 (4.3) | |
| Uncertain | 228 (17.4) | 105 (21.7) | 75 (32.2) | |
| Non-WPV | ||||
| Childhood Physical Abuse | 219 (16.7) | 104 (21.4) | 39 (16.7) | ns |
| Childhood Sexual Abuse | 217 (16.6) | 110 (22.7) | 19 (8.1) | P<.001 |
| Intimate Partner Abuse | 142 (10.8) | 59 (12.1) | 12 (5.1) | P<.05 |
*
Formal include participants who used formal resources only and those who used both formal and informal resources; Informal include participants who either used informal resources or did not use any resources; Percentages presented are within racial group percentages;
1
24 cells had expected count less than 5;
2
6 cells had expected count less than 5;
3
4 cells had expected count less than 5; “ns” refers to non-significance;