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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Behav Res Methods. 2015 Mar;47(1):172–203. doi: 10.3758/s13428-014-0457-z

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Path diagrams illustrating the STMS model for a measurement design with three indicators and four time points. Yit denotes the ith observed variable (indicator) measured at time t. ξ: common latent trait factor. ζt: latent state residual factor. αit: constant measurement intercept. λit: latent trait factor loading. δit: latent state residual factor loading. The triangle denotes a constant of 1 that represents the mean structure in the model. The intercepts for the first indicator are set to zero (α1 = 0) for identification and not explicitly shown in the figure. Loadings without a label are fixed to 1. A: Specification with non-invariant intercepts and factor loadings. B: Recommended specification with time-invariant intercepts and factor loadings.