Table 2.

Other cause(s) of CKD should be considered in the presence of any of the following circumstances

• Absence of diabetic retinopathy;

• Low or rapidly decreasing GFR;

• Rapidly increasing proteinuria or nephrotic syndrome;

• Refractory hypertension;

• Presence of active urinary sediment;

• Signs or symptoms of other systemic disease; or

• >30% reduction in GFR within 2–3 months after initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB.

Reproduced with permission from NKF (4).