Table 2: Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and its association with different factors (Bivariate analysis between DR and non-DR).
| Variables | Non-DR | DR | p value |
| Frequency | Frequency | ||
| (N=563) (%) | (N=175) (%) | ||
| Gender | |||
| Male | 249 (78.5) | 68 (21.5) | NS |
| Female | 314 (74.6) | 107 (25.4) | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Sarawak native | 116 (80.0) | 29 (20.0) | NS |
| Non-native | 447 (75.4) | 146 (24.6) | |
| Duration of DM | |||
| <5 yrs | 354 (85.9) | 58 (14.1) | <0.001* |
| 5-10 yrs | 117 (70.9) | 48 (29.1) | |
| 11-15 yrs | 62 (62.0) | 38 (38.0) | |
| 16-20 yrs | 15 (50.0) | 15 (50.0) | |
| >20 yrs | 15 (48.4) | 16 (51.6) | |
| Age in interval | |||
| 19-29 | 9 (100.0) | 0 (0) | |
| 30-39 | 34 (87.2) | 5 (12.8) | |
| 40-49 | 139 (78.5) | 38 (21.5) | |
| 50-59 | 217 (73.3) | 79 (26.7) | |
| 60-69 | 118 (76.1) | 37 (23.9) | |
| 70-79 | 46 (74.2) | 16 (25.9) | |
| BMI | |||
| <22.9 | 72 (64.9) | 39 (35.1) | 0.002* |
| ≥23.0 | 491 (78.3) | 136 (21.7) | |
| HT control (mm/Hg) | |||
| Optimal <130/80 | 157 (80.1) | 39 (19.9) | 0.026* |
| Fair 130/80 to 140/90 | 221 (78.9) | 59 (21.1) | |
| Sub-optimal >140/90 | 185 (70.6) | 77 (29.4) | |
| HbA1c (%) | |||
| Optimal <6.5 | 69 (85.2) | 12 (14.8) | NS |
| Fair 6.5-7.5 | 83 (80.6) | 20 (19.4) | |
| Sub-optimal >7.5 | 411 (74.2) | 143 (25.8) | |
| Protein in urine | |||
| Nil | 491 (77.7) | 141 (22.3) | NS |
| Microalbuminuria | 14 (66.7) | 7 (33.3) | |
| Proteinuria | 58 (68.2) | 27 (31.8) | |
| Total cholesterol | |||
| ≤4.8 mmol/L | 170 (75.2) | 56 (24.7) | NS |
| >4.8 mmol/L | 393 (76.8) | 119 (23.2) | |
| TGL | |||
| ≤1.7 mmol/L | 268 (77.7) 77 (22.3) | NS | |
| >1.7 mmol/L | 295 (75.1) 98 (24.9) | ||
| LDL | |||
| ≤2.6 mmol/L | 115 (79.3) 30 (20.7) | NS | |
| >2.6 mmol/L | 448 (75.5) 145 (24.5) | ||
| HDL | |||
| >1.1 mmol/L | 376 (76.7) 114 (23.3) | NS | |
| ≤1.1 mmol/L | 187 (75.4) 61 (24.6) | ||
| Present of coronary artery disease | |||
| Yes | 11 (91.7) | 1 ( 8.3) | – |
| No | 552 (76.0) | 174 (24.0) | |
| Smokers | |||
| Yes | 4 (66.7) | 2 (33.3) | – |
| No | 559 (76.4) | 173 (23.7) | |
| Visual loss | |||
| Normal 6/6 | 241 (80.9) | 57 (19.1) | 0.001* |
| Mild 6/9 to 6/12 | 256 (76.6) | 78 (23.4) | |
| Moderate 6/18 to 6/60 | 66 (62.3) | 40 (37.7) |
* p-value significant from bivariate analysis NS= not significant