Table 1. Descriptive data (N=58).
| Variables | Statistics | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| M | SD | % | n | |
| Age (years) | 39.2 | 9.7 | ||
| At least 12-years of education | 90.0% | 52 | ||
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Caucasian | 67.2% | 39 | ||
| Hispanic | 10.3% | 6 | ||
| African American | 15.5% | 9 | ||
| Asian | 1.7% | 1 | ||
| Native American | 5.2 | 3 | ||
| Pain duration (months) | 48.4 | 45.2 | ||
| Opioid-based | 20.7% | 12 | ||
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory | 32.8% | 53 | ||
| Muscle relaxants | 34.5% | 20 | ||
| Antidepressants | 8.6% | 5 | ||
| Pain behavior: guard | 1.2 | 1.9 | ||
| Pain behavior: brace | 1.5 | 2.1 | ||
| Pain behavior: rub | .5 | 1.3 | ||
| Pain behavior: grimace | 1.2 | 1.8 | ||
| Pain behavior: sigh | .8 | 1.5 | ||