(c).

Study area	Age of group	Sample (size)	Study design	Helminth type	Outcome for malaria diseases in coinfection	Ref.
Senegal (Niakhar and Bambey)	Children, mean 6.6 years	105	Prospective case-control	A. lumbricoides	Prevalence of A. lumbricoides infection was higher in cases of severe malaria	[123]
Northern  Senegal	Children aged 6–15 years	512	Cohort	S. mansoni	The incidence rate of malaria attacks was higher among S. mansoni-infected individuals carrying the highest worm loads. In contrast, the rate of malaria attacks were lower in medium grade S. mansoni infections	[124]
Ghana  (Kumasi)	Women  (15–48 years)   mean 26.8 years	746	Cross-sectional	A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura, S. stercoralis, and E. vermicularis	Coinfection resulted in increased risks of anemia, low birth weight, and small for gestational age infants	[125]
Ethiopia  (Alaba Kulito)	Children <5 years, children 5–14 years, and adults ≥15 years	1802 acute febrile patients	case-control	Hookworm,   A. lumbricoides, and T. trichiura	Coinfection is associated with higher anaemia prevalence and low weight status than single infection with Plasmodium in children	[126]
Kenya  (Makueni)	Primary school children  4–17 years	(221 and 228)	Cross-sectional	S. mansoni	Hepatosplenomegaly due to proinflammatory mechanism exacerbated by schistosomiasis	[127]
Kenya (Mangalete)	Children  4–17 years	79	Cross-sectional	S. mansoni	Hepatosplenomegaly is associated with low regulatory and Th2 response to Schistosome antigens	[128]
Zimbabwe (Burma Valley)	Children 6–17 years	605	12-month followup of a cohort of children	Schistosome	Increased prevalence of malaria parasites and had higher sexual stage malaria parasite in children coinfected with schistosomiasis	[129]
Cameroon  (Bolifamba)	9 months to 14 years	425 children		A. lumbricoides,  T. trichiura, and hookworm	Coinfections in which heavy helminth loads showed high P. falciparum parasite loads compared with coinfections involving light helminth burden	[130]