(a).
| Background mouse | Plasmodium strain | Helminth type | Coinfection time* | Malaria disease outcome | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ICR HSD |
P. berghei
ANKA |
S. mansoni | 7 wks | Low rates of ECM (30%), delay in death associated with high levels of IL-4, IL-10 | [136] |
| C57BL/6 |
P. berghei
ANKA |
S. japonicum | 8 wks | Increased survival rate and reduction of the brain pathology. Th2 response induced by worm plays an important role in protecting against ECM | [137] |
| C57BL/6 |
P. berghei
ANKA |
S. mansoni | 8-9 wks | Increased parasitemia, mortality, weight loss, and hypothermia; decreased pathology in the brain associated with high levels of IL-5, IL-13 and low serum IFN-γ | [138] |
| Swiss albino |
P. berghei
ANKA |
S. mansoni | 7 wks | Increased parasitemia and mortality Delayed reduction/elimination of the parasite followed by administration of antimalarial treatment |
[139] |
| C57BL/6 | P. chabaudi | S. mansoni | 8 wks | Increased parasitemia associated with a deficiency in the production of TNF-α | [140] |
| BALB/c |
P. yoelii NXL (non-lethal) |
S. mansoni | 2, 4, and 6 wks | Increased parasitemia and death at 6 wks of coinfection. Hepatosplenomegaly was more marked in coinfected mice compared to either disease separately | [141] |
| A/J | P. chabaudi | S. mansoni | 8 wks | Mice escape death and showed high production of IFN-γ | [142] |