(b).

Background mouse	Plasmodium strain	Helminth type	Coinfection time*	Malaria disease outcome	Ref.
C57BL/6	P. chabaudi	H. polygyrus	2, 3, or 5 wks	Increased parasitemia and mortality associated with low levels of IFN-γ and high levels of TGF-β, IL-10	[143]
C57BL/6	P. chabaudi AS	H. polygyrus	2 wks	Increased parasitemia; however, it ameliorates severe hypothermia and hypoglycaemia; besides this, it induced earlier reticulocytosis than Pc-infected WT mice	[144]
C57BL/6  IFN−/−  IL-23−/−	P. chabaudi AS	H. polygyrus	At the same time	Increased mortality and severe liver disease, associated with increased IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-22 in the liver. The coinfected IFN−/− and IL-23−/− mice survive	[145]
C57BL/6  BALB/c	P. chabaudi AS	H. polygyrus	2 wks  with AgPc + adjuvant	Suppresses the protective efficacy of the malaria vaccine. Deworming treatment before antimalarial immunization restored the protective immunity to malaria challenge	[146]
C57BL/6	P. yoelii 17 XNL	H. polygyrus	2 wks	Increased pathology due to reduced response against Py (low levels of IFN-γ) in the spleen cells, as a result of higher activation of Treg	[147]
BALB/c	P. yoelii  17 NXL	H. polygyrus	3 wks	Reduction of pathology, low levels of IFN-γ, and high levels of IL-4 induced by helminthes	[148]
C57BL/6	P. berghei ANKA	H. polygyrus	2 wks	Hp infection did not alter ECM development, despite accelerated P. berghei growth in vivo	[149]
C57BL/6 BALB/c	P. berghei ANKA	H. polygyrus	2 wks	No differences	[150]